[77] He worried that he would go insane, begging "not to be sent to an asylum" and noting that he was "inwardly bleeding to death". She married Henry Wadsworth Longfellow (poet, buried at this cem.) Longfellow sought diplomatic posts, considered opening a girls school in New York or taking over the Round Hill School in Northampton, and applied for professorships in Virginia and New York before release came in the form of an invitation to succeed Ticknor as Smith Professor of Modern Languages at Harvard. Although Paul Reveres Ride and The Birds of Killingworth, the most familiar of these poems today, give an impression of New England focus, the great majority had European settings and sources. [72] Her dress suddenly caught fire, but it is unclear exactly how;[73] burning wax or a lighted candle may have fallen onto it. Longfellow was grief- stricken over her death, and wrote poems that reflected his feelings. He began working on a dramatic poem about Puritan persecution of the Quakers, which was eventually included in one of the three New England Tragedies within Christus. [89] He had been suffering from peritonitis. Go forth to meet the shadowy Future, without fear, and with a manly heart. Sales of this book improved upon those for its predecessor; yet, Longfellow was disappointed by reader indifference to the work he had identified in an 1849 letter as the sublimer Song whose broken melodies have for so many years breathed through my soul. When all three parts finally came together in Christus: A Mystery, book sales were slight (only 6,000 copies printed) and critical response even less heartening. Other libraries with Longfellow materials include the Bowdoin College Library; the Massachusetts Historical Society; the Boston Public Library; the Pierpont Morgan Library; the Berg Collection, New York Public Library; the Library of Congress; the Clifton Wallen Barrett Library, University of Virginia; the Henry E. Huntington Library; the Parkman Dexter Howe Library, University of Florida; and the University of Washington Library. Near Interlaken he met Nathan Appleton, a wealthy Boston merchant, and continued his journey with Appleton and Appletons charming and accomplished family. But when Henry was a senior at Bowdoin College at 19, the college established a chair of modern languages. [111], Fellow Portland, Maine native John Neal published the first substantial praise of Longfellow's work. It was probably the most celebrated American poem of the century. Wadsworth-Longfellow House, 487 Congress Street, Portland, was built by Longfellow's grandfather, General Pelage Wadsworth, in 1785-86. Fanny Longfellow took pride in her husbands growing reputation and actively assisted him. Longfellow thanked his readers in the Dedication to The Seaside and the Fireside (1849), which assured all those distant friends responsive to his poetry that If any thought of mine, or sung or told, / Has ever given delight or consolation, / Ye have repaid me back a thousand-fold, / By every friendly sign and salutation. As the title indicates, this book maintained a balance between poems of nature invoking in various ways the poets Portland boyhood and oceanic travels and poems of home lifenotably Resignation, an elegy for his year-old daughter Fanny. Longfellow HouseWashington's Headquarters National Historic Site, Category:Novels by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Category:Poetry by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, "Family relationship of Richard Warren and Henry Wadsworth Longfellow via Richard Warren", "Direct Ancestors of Henry Wadsworth Longfellow", "Value of 1826 dollars today | Inflation Calculator", "Longfellow Park (U.S. National Park Service)", Poems by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow and biography at PoetryFoundation.org, Works by or about Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow: Profile and Poems at Poets.org, Public Poet, Private Man: Henry Wadsworth Longfellow at 200, Longfellow's Translation of Dante rendered side by side with that of Cary and Norton, Famous Quotations by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henry_Wadsworth_Longfellow&oldid=1136535888, This page was last edited on 30 January 2023, at 20:47. As he had honored European poets by translating their work into English, he lived to see his own poems translated into 24 languages. For advice, he gathered weekly evening sessions of his Dante Club of writer-scholarsamong them James Russell Lowell, who had succeeded Longfellow as Smith Professor; Charles Eliot Norton, who eventually published his own prose translation of Dantes masterpiece; and William Dean Howells. His model was Washington Irving, to whom he was introduced while in Spain, and Longfellow envisaged putting his experience to Irvingesque literary use. Longfellow died in 1882. When Longfellow graduated, the college gave him a chair in modern languages, and he worked with translations for the rest of his life. Longfellow attended private schools and the Portland Academy. Previous boarders included Jared Sparks, Edward Everett, and Joseph Emerson Worcester. Longfellow attended a dame school at the age of three and was enrolled by age six at the private Portland Academy. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow was born on this day in 1807, in Portland, Maine. Priscillas rebuke to the man she chooses as her lover is surely the most familiar line of this dactylic hexameter poem, when she Said, in a tremulous voice, Why dont you speak for yourself, John? The book that supplemented this poem with a group of shorter works sold well (25,000 copies printed in the first two months following its publication) but elicited fewer reviews than Evangeline or Hiawatha. All day I am weary and sad". [83] He is buried with both of his wives at Mount Auburn Cemetery in Cambridge, Massachusetts. [4] He was named after his mother's brother Henry Wadsworth, a Navy lieutenant who had died three years earlier at the Battle of Tripoli. [16] In his senior year, Longfellow wrote to his father about his aspirations: I will not disguise it in the leastthe fact is, I most eagerly aspire after future eminence in literature, my whole soul burns most ardently after it, and every earthly thought centres in itI am almost confident in believing, that if I can ever rise in the world it must be by the exercise of my talents in the wide field of literature. [86] The next year, he declined an offer to be nominated for the Board of Overseers at Harvard "for reasons very conclusive to my own mind". Henry Wadsworth Longfellow. [127] Poet Walt Whitman considered him an imitator of European forms, but he praised his ability to reach a popular audience as "the expressor of common themesof the little songs of the masses". The most humorous and charming of his longer narrative poems, The Courtship of Miles Standish relates a story already familiar (especially in Longfellows family) about John Aldens fortunate failure in his dutiful attempt to woo the maiden he loves on behalf of the widowed captain of Plymouth, his friend Miles Standish. [99] Much of his poetry imparts cultural and moral values, particularly focused on life being more than material pursuits. Each new book extended his fame, and he was bombarded with invitations for literary contributions and for autographs. But, in fact, Smith had many of the same worries about commercial society that Rousseau did and . Longfellow never considered it complete enough to be published during his lifetime, but a posthumous edition was collected in 1883. [73] Longfellow's youngest daughter Annie explained the story differently some 50 years later, claiming that there had been no candle or wax but that the fire had started from a self-lighting match that had fallen on the floor. [39] In October 1835, his wife Mary had a miscarriage during the trip, about six months into her pregnancy. The germ of the story reached Longfellow through the Reverend Horace L. Conolly, who had failed to interest his friend Hawthorne in developing the legend of Acadian lovers separated on their intended wedding day by an English edict displacing French Canadian settlers in order to establish Nova Scotia. Most of us only get one life. Romance 3. Although Churchills failure results most of all from his own limitationshis inattentiveness to sources of inspiration nearest at hand and his lack of driving literary commitmentit also reflects the indifference of Americans to artistic aspirations not in tune with the chauvinistic bombast of the comical magazine editor of the book, who calls for a national literature altogether shaggy and unshorn, that shall shake the earth, like a herd of buffaloes thundering over the prairies. There were still poems drawn from Longfellows travels and his readings in European literatures, but the most celebrated poem of the book was among his most patriotic pieces. The family occupied the first brick house in Portland, built by the general and still maintained as a literary shrine to its most famous occupant. Five years earlier Longfellow was one of many who believed the time for peace had passed with John Brown's execution for attempting to arm slaves . [16] When Longfellow graduated from Bowdoin, he was ranked fourth in the class and had been elected to Phi Beta Kappa. Match. The first poem, Paul Reveres Ride, became a national favourite. 'I Would I Were a Careless Child' 6. [31] Shortly after the book's publication, Longfellow attempted to join the literary circle in New York and asked George Pope Morris for an editorial role at one of Morris's publications. Although the title character, the liberal-minded young minister of a rural New England church, is the central figure of a love triangle involving two close female friends, Cecilia Vaughan and Alice Archer, Longfellow probably took more interest in the schoolmaster, whose literary ambitions are continually frustrated by the press of teaching, fatherhood, and demands made on his time by an aspiring poetess. [19] About 24 of them were published in the short-lived Boston periodical The United States Literary Gazette. [53] In July 1839, he wrote to a friend: "Victory hangs doubtful. He also wrote novels and translated Dante's "Divine Comedy" into English. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow's response to the reelection of Abraham Lincoln in 1864 is a timely reminder of how, while they all matter, some presidential elections matter much more than others. [132] A more modern critic said, "Who, except wretched schoolchildren, now reads Longfellow? He achieved a level of national and international prominence previously unequaled in the literary history of the United States and is one of the few American writers. Aside from two Phi Beta Kappa poemsthe first at Bowdoin in 1832 and the other the next year at Harvardthe poetry he was composing consisted chiefly of translations from Romance languages that he used in his classes and articles. The failure of its first publisher kept half the first edition of 1,200 copies from distribution, and the eventual readership of the book, American travelers in Europe, probably discovered Hyperion based on its authors later reputation rather than its inherent merits as prose fiction. However, as Longfellow himself wrote, the poems were "so mild that even a Slaveholder might read them without losing his appetite for breakfast". The boys first publication, appearing in the November 17, 1820 Portland Gazette and signed simply Henry, drew on local history for a melancholy four-quatrain salute to warriors who fell at The Battle of Lovells Pond. A family friends dismissal of the piece as both stiff and derivative may have discouraged Henrys ambition for the time. [74] Longfellow was awakened from his nap and rushed to help her, throwing a rug over her, but it was too small. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow was born on February 27, 1807 in Portland, to Stephen and Zilpah Longfellow. was born at Portland, Maine, Feb. 27, 1807, and graduated at Bowdoin College, 1825. In 1845, he published The Poets and Poetry of Europe, an 800-page compilation of translations made by other writers, including many by his friend and colleague Cornelius Conway Felton. "[138] Twentieth-century poet Lewis Putnam Turco concluded that "Longfellow was minor and derivative in every way throughout his career nothing more than a hack imitator of the English Romantics. On July 9, 1861, Fanny Longfellow suffered fatal burns when the candle she was using to seal packets of her daughters curls ignited her dress; she died the next day. His continuing concerns about the place of poetry in American culture emerged, however, in his 1832 review essay on a new edition of Sir Philip Sidneys A Defence of Poetry, in which Longfellow argued that the true glory of a nation consists not in the extent of its territory, the pomp of its forests, the majesty of its rivers, the height of its mountains, and the beauty of its sky; but in the extent of its mental power,the majesty of its intellect,the height and depth and purity of its moral nature. After her death, Longfellow had difficulty writing poetry for a time and focused on translating works from foreign languages. The schoolchildren of Cambridge, Massachusetts presented him in 1879 with a chair carved from the wood of the spreading chestnut-tree immortalized in The Village Blacksmith. His picture appeared among Our American Poets in classrooms across the United States, thanks to Fieldss success in placing Longfellow, Ralph Waldo Emerson, John Greenleaf Whittier, James Russell Lowell, and Oliver Wendell Holmes in textbooks that established canonical readings for many decades. Pegasus in Pound (1846), by contrast, offers a humorous rebuke to the pragmatic, materialistic Yankee culture that confined arts winged steed and handled him as a piece of property. The family soon moved to a house on Congress Street, now known as the Wadsworth Longfellow Home. [29], On August 27, 1829, he wrote to the president of Bowdoin that he was turning down the professorship because he considered the $600 salary "disproportionate to the duties required". Many, especially Torquemada and The Saga of King Olaf, were surprisingly violent. For the actor, see, "Longfellow" redirects here. [44] The home was built in 1759 and was the headquarters of George Washington during the Siege of Boston beginning in July 1775. Driven by the need for spiritual relief, he translated The Divine Comedy by Dante, producing one of the most notable translations to that time, and wrote six sonnets on Dante that are among his finest poems. [85] Longfellow accepted an offer from Joshua Chamberlain to speak at his fiftieth reunion at Bowdoin College, despite his aversion to public speaking; he read the poem "Morituri Salutamus" so quietly that few could hear him. 1860. In a word, we want a national literature altogether shaggy and unshorn, that shall shake the earth, like a herd of buffaloes thundering over the prairies. In his own time one of Longfellows chief contributions to American literature was the encouragement he offered to aspiring writerswhether those Boston-Cambridge-Concord literati with whom he interacted through his various clubs or those such as Emily Dickinson, who responded gratefully to him from a distance as the champion of poetry in an otherwise prosaic American society, the Pegasus in the pound of Yankee bookstores. Bowdoin offers Longfellow a professorship of modern languages, provided that he prepare himself for the position with a period of European travel, a proposition he . [10] He published his first poem in the Portland Gazette on November 17, 1820, a patriotic and historical four-stanza poem called "The Battle of Lovell's Pond". Longfellow was more at home in Evangeline (1847), a narrative poem that reached almost every literate home in the United States. [102] He was inspired, for example, by Norse mythology for "The Skeleton in Armor" and by Finnish legends for The Song of Hiawatha.[103]. His 1868-1869 final visit to Europe, on which he was attended by a large family party, turned into a triumphal progression framed by honorary degrees awarded by Cambridge and Oxford universities. General Peleg Wadsworth, built the house in 1785-1786, and the last person to live there was Anne Longfellow Pierce, Henry's younger sister. His last few years were spent translating the poetry of Michelangelo. [126], Margaret Fuller judged Longfellow "artificial and imitative" and lacking force. Farnham, Russell Clare and Dorthy Evelyn Crawford. Family tree of Henry WADSWORTH LONGFELLOW. [118] Scholar Bliss Perry suggests that criticizing Longfellow at that time was almost a criminal act equal to "carrying a rifle into a national park". He dug through the past for stories that could could speak to his time, or that could act as cultural containers of collective memory. There is little action in the story as Longfellow tells it: the Acadians submit quietly to British tyranny; Gabriels adventures take place out of sight; and Evangelines quest involves a good deal of travel, admittedly, but no conflict. Stanzas to a Lady on Leaving England 13. Maybe Longfellow exaggerated the heroic story of Paul Revere. Early on young Henry knew he wanted to be a poet . On this trip he visited England, Sweden, and the Netherlands. The moralism of his poetry came to seem offensive and even ridiculous as critics attacked his mixed metaphors as evidence of muddled thinking. Based on Chippewa (Ojibway) culture and traditions as represented by Henry Rowe Schoolcraft and John Tanner, on John G. E. Heckewelders defense of Delaware culture, and on Longfellows acquaintance with an Ojibway chief who stayed at his house, the poem also drew on widespread literary and visual representations of the West to construct what Longfellow called his Indian Edda. Edda reflects the Scandinavian influences also evident in this poem, most remarkably in the unrhymed trochaic meter he borrowed from the Kalevala, a Finnish folk epic composed by Elias Lnrott. How many languages did he speak? "Music is the universal language of mankind." Henry Wadsworth Longfellow tags: music, poetry, power-of-music. [56] After returning, he published the play The Spanish Student in 1842, reflecting his memories from his time in Spain in the 1820s. [9] His grandfather was a founder of the college[12] and his father was a trustee. [48] Ballads and Other Poems was published in 1841[49] and included "The Village Blacksmith" and "The Wreck of the Hesperus", which were instantly popular. Yet, Longfellow achieved perhaps his greatest popular success with Evangeline, A Tale of Acadie, a verse romance the geographic sweep of which across French and English America in the 18th century makes it a virtual epic, although in the sentimental mode and featuring a heroine notable for her humble, loving endurance rather than military prowess. Haiku. Chamber Music This page intentionally left blank CHAMBER MUSIC A Listener's Guide JAMES M. KELLER 1 2011 3 Oxford University Press, Inc., publishes works that further Oxford University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education. SOLO: Evangeline, by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow-neb. Inspired by social concerns raised by both writers, Longfellow devoted the voyage home to writing seven of the eight poems published on his return as Poems on Slavery (1842). Born in Portland in 1807, when that bustling port city was still part of Massachusetts, Longfellow came from an old, established family of lawyers, judges, and generals. "Not yet", he replied. The Complete Works of Henry Wadsworth Longfellow: Paul Revere's Ride, The Song of Hiawatha, Evangeline, Christus: A Mystery, The Masque Of Pandora and More. Longfellow, born in Maine in 1807, became an epic poet of sorts for American history, writing about the American Revolution in the way bards of old wrote about conquests across Europe. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow - whose 200th birthday bicentennial is this month - has had four. Help . The Divina Commedia group of six sonnets written between 1864 and 1866 honor the Tuscan poet Dantemost memorably the first, with its image of the bereaved American poet leaving my burden at this minster gate, / Kneeling in prayer, and not ashamed to pray in a quest for spiritual peace. [7] They included Mayflower Pilgrims Richard Warren, William Brewster, and John and Priscilla Alden through their daughter Elizabeth Pabodie, the first child born in Plymouth Colony.[8]. He was honored in March 2007 when the United States Postal Service issued a stamp commemorating him. [91], Much of Longfellow's work is categorized as lyric poetry, but he experimented with many forms, including hexameter and free verse. In 1842 his Ballads and Other Poems, containing such favourites as The Wreck of the Hesperus and The Village Blacksmith, swept the nation. The Day Is Done (1844) speaks to the comforting quiet offered the weary reader by some humbler poet than the Miltonic and Dantean mastersa poet such as Longfellow found himself becoming by virtue of the kindly, sympathetic tone that characterized his popular poems. The most warmly received of such poems composed in the 1850s, however, was The Childrens Hour, which reflected the poets delight in his small daughters. He once attended a ball without her and noted, "The lights seemed dimmer, the music sadder, the flowers fewer, and the women less fair. He produced one of the first complete, and in many respects still the best, English translations of The Divine Comedy in 1867. LONGFELLOWATBOWDOIN. His travel sketches, Outre-Mer (1835), did not succeed. In 1836 Longfellow returned to Harvard and settled in the famous Craigie House, which was later given to him as a wedding present when he remarried in 1843. [140], Over the years, Longfellow's personality has become part of his reputation. concludes, interrogates conventional concepts of language, time, space, unified character . Page II Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1863, by HENRY WADSWORTH LONGFELLOW, in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the District of Massachusetts. [136] Many of his works helped shape the American character and its legacy, particularly with the poem "Paul Revere's Ride". Longfellow had become one of the first American celebrities and was popular in Europe. The poem exalts and exocitizes Native Americans and assumes the obliteration of indigenous ways of life. Discover his most famous works and their themes and style. This collection was Longfellows version of Geoffrey Chaucers Canterbury Tales or Giovanni Boccaccios Decameron. We speak of a continuum because there are inter- mediate economies, combining horticultural and agricultural featuresmore intensive than annually shifting horticulture but less intensive than agricul- ture. [50] The Southern Literary Messenger immediately put Longfellow "among the first of our American poets". But, like anyone else who had gone to school in the first quarter of the 20th century, she'd been introduced to verse by the venerable Henry Wadsworth Longfellow (1807-82). When he was offered a professorship at Harvard, with another opportunity to go abroad, he accepted and set forth for Germany in 1835. Members included Cornelius Conway Felton, George Stillman Hillard, and Charles Sumner; Sumner became Longfellow's closest friend over the next 30 years. 791. Long after his death in 1882, however, these neglected later works were seen to contain some of his most effective writing. [66] Longfellow published his epic poem Evangeline for the first time a few months later on November 1, 1847. "There are things of which I may not speak; There are dreams that cannot die; See also the Longfellow entry in DLB 59: American Literary Critics and Scholars, 1800-1850. [122] Poe's reputation increased as a critic, however, and he later publicly accused Longfellow of plagiarism in what Poe biographers call "The Longfellow War". Both seaside and fireside come together in The Fire of Drift-Wood, a mood piece employing imagery of light and warmth drawn from shipwreck as a metaphor for intuited estrangement among friends. In his grief Longfellow moved on to Heidelberg and immersion in German literaturereadings in Goethe, Schiller, Ludwig Uhland, Jean Paul Richter, E.T.A. tags: poetry. Death Year: 1882. [9] His mother encouraged his enthusiasm for reading and learning, introducing him to Robinson Crusoe and Don Quixote. That poem appeared in one of those assemblages of short poems, identified as Birds of Passage, that Longfellow introduced in The Courtship of Miles Standish and Other Poems and returned to frequently in subsequent volumes. [18] He published nearly 40 minor poems between January 1824 and his graduation in 1825. 'Well! Need a transcript of this episode? [41] He was deeply saddened by her death and wrote: "One thought occupies me night and dayShe is dead She is dead! [109] Emerson was disappointed and reportedly told Longfellow: "The world is expecting better things of you than this You are wasting time that should be bestowed upon original production". [78] He expressed his grief in the sonnet "The Cross of Snow" (1879) which he wrote 18 years later to commemorate her death:[43], Longfellow spent several years translating Dante Alighieri's Divine Comedy. A revised edition of Hyperion followed in 1869. To aid him in perfecting the translation and reviewing proofs, he invited friends to meetings every Wednesday starting in 1864. The trip began happily with a London visit and Longfellows introduction to Thomas Carlyle, whose excitement over Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and Friedrich Schiller heightened Longfellows interest in German Romanticism. After translating Dante, he returned to the task he had long intended as the capstone of his workthe three-part chronicle of Christianity and its virtues initiated with The Golden Legend. The New England Tragedies a pairing of John Endicott (1857) and Giles Corey of the Salem Farms (1868)on which he had begun working around the time he composed The Courtship of Miles Standish, appeared in 1868. 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