Joan, wife of Roger Swillington. It was his great popularity that saved him. It is no exaggeration to state that its publication ensured More a stature that no other Englishman of his time enjoyed. Did she, as the regime alleged, burn the evidence that incriminated her? The Tower's professional executioner was away, so a young novice was given the job. London Review of Books, [11], In 1531, Reginald Pole warned of the dangers of the Boleyn marriage. Margaret, wife of Sir William Harington. [15][16], On the morning of 28 May 1541, Margaret was told she was to die within the hour. He was keenly interested in theology, but he was not ordained; he was free to marry if he wished, and propagate a Plantagenet family. As Countess of Salisbury, Margaret managed her lands well and by 1538 she was the fifth richest peer in England. Margaret Pole was one of only two women in the 16 th century to hold a peerage in her own right. His lands and titles were thereby forfeited. The grave of Anne Boleyn. The pope would not relent. Neither Francis I of France nor the Emperor supported this effort and the English government tried to have Reginald assassinated. Stoke was a decisive victory. According to the account, she turned her head "every which way", instructing the executioner that, if he wanted her head, he should take it as he could. It is meant to contrast with the reality of European rule, divided by ideologies and greed and self-interest. Please include name, address and a telephone number. Here is where it gets complicated. Buckingham was alleged to have said that the lack of sons to carry on the Tudor line was Gods punishment for the imprisonment and death of the young Earl of Warwick. How to Be Tudor: Can a King Have Friends. His eldest daughter Margaret married the lawyer William Roper in 1521, and More continued his practice of prayer and supervision of learning at his home. Montagu, Exeter, and Margaret were arrested in November 1538. He had long felt a calling to the priesthood. (2020, August 26). Margaret is a devout Catholic and a member of the House of York, which fought Henry's father during the War of the Roses; she is first cousin of Henry's mother Queen Elizabeth of York through her father George Plantagenet, Elizabeth's uncle and the brother of Edward IV. Margaret Pole, Countess of Salisbury (14 August 1473 - 27 May 1541), was an English peeress.She was the daughter of George, Duke of Clarence, and Isabel Neville and was niece of kings Edward IV and Richard III.Margaret was one of two women in 16th-century England to be a peeress in her own right with no titled husband. There, she was surrounded by connections of the Boleyn queen. When Richard Pole died in 1504 Margaret had had to borrow money to give him a suitable funeral. Mores letters indicate that he was not particularly keen to enter royal service. What a contemporary described as her nobility and goodness soon put her back in royal favour. In 1512, an Act of Parliament restored to Margaret the Earldom of Salisbury and some of her brother's land which had belonged to it, for which she paid 5000 marks (2666.13s.4d), equivalent to 2,164,602 in 2021. Ursula Pole, married Henry Stafford, whose title and lands were lost when his father was executed for treason and attainted, restored to a Stafford title under Edward VI. Anne was the anointed queen. Credit: PjrWindows / Alamy Stock Photo. The relationship between the King and Margaret wavered a bit in 1518 when Henry repossessed some of her Salisbury lands saying they belonged to the duchy of Somerset. However, things suddenly change in May 1541 when a decision was made to execute her. ), St. Marie's Church in New Bilton, Rugby, England. A tradition has grown up that George was drowned in a vat a malmsey, an expensive sweet wine. Tragedy throws her into poverty and rebellion against the new royal family, luck restores her to her place at court where she becomes the chief lady-in-waiting to Queen Katherine and watches the dominance of the Spanish queen over her husband, and her fall. Chapuys wrote that, "at first, when the sentence of death was made known to her, she found the thing very strange, not knowing of what crime she was accused, nor how she had been sentenced". Reginald was present at the treaty negotiations. Her father was Shakespeares false, fleeting, perjured Clarence, who died in the Tower of London at the age of 29, attainted for treason and supposedly drowned in a butt of malmsey. Unfortunately for More, Henry appointed him Lord Chancellor of England. Higginbotham follows Pierce in refusing to vilify Henry for his treatment of the Poles. Following Richard's death in 1504, Margaret no longer had the fortune to support. Margaret Plantagenet, the daughter of George Plantagenet, Duke of Clarence and of his wife, Isabel Neville, was born on 14th August 1473 at Farleigh Castle, near Bath. Henry wanted Reginald to come back to England and talk the matter over, but Reginald had the sense to keep his distance. But not your principles. It did not matter. When her husband died in 1505, Margaret became a widow with five children. Margarets uncle Richard of Gloucester became king in 1483 as Richard III, and reinforced young Margaret and Edwards exclusion from the line of succession. His natural piety was at odds with other courtiers, all of whom jockeyed ceaselessly for the kings favor. Mores wife had been like most women of her time ill-educated, and during their brief marriage, he taught her Latin and other subjects. The governors of Lincoln admired him enough to appoint him lecturer on law for three consecutive years. When Henry imposed an oath which recognised him as head of the church in England, the countess and her household complied. Was More surprised by this speech? The remnants of the Plantagenets had no difficulty in breeding, while the Tudors were less lucky. It was during this trip that he began to write Utopia, his most famous work. Even special physicians summoned from Spain could not help the queen to conceive again. But Lord Montagu attended Annes coronation as he would later attend her trial. Unfortunately, Cardinal Wolsey was unable to secure an annulment for the king. He was knighted in 1521, became speaker of the House of Commons in 1523, and earned the title of Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster. In 1487, an imposter, Lambert Simmel, pretended to be her brother Edward, and was used to try to gather a rebellion against Henry VII. Inventories paint the picture: tableware of silver and gold, Venetian glass, mother-of-pearl, tapestries portraying the journeys of Ulysses and the discovery of Newfoundland; the countess herself, tall, stately, wears ermine, tawny damask, black satin and black velvet. Her father, Duke of Clarence and brother to Edward IV, switched sides several times during that long family battle over the crown of England. She held a noble title in her own right, and controlled great wealth, after she was restored to favor during the reign of Henry VIII but she became embroiled in the religious controversy over his split with Rome and was executed on Henrys orders. Pope Paul III put him in charge of organising assistance for the Pilgrimage of Grace (and related movements). Pope Leo XIII beatified her as a martyr for the Roman Catholic Church on 29 December 1886. It was a housekeeping matter, the French ambassador said; Henry, now with his fifth wife, Katherine Howard, wanted to make a progress north, and to empty the Tower before he set off, either by acts of mercy or the condemnation of detainees. But he himself did not sign the letter in which most of Englands nobles and prelates petitioned the pope to declare the marriage unlawful. Reginald was the most interesting and talented of Margarets children, and the one to whom she was not close. She certainly didn't bow to any pressure later in her life to give up her son. But polite prevarications only worked for so long and soon More was a genuine courtier, with all its attendant duties and benefits. Ursula married into the powerful Stafford family; of Margarets sons, only Reginald did not marry; by the age of seven he was given utterly to God. When not at Court, Margaret lived chiefly at Warblington Castle in Hampshire and Bisham Manor in Berkshire. When that daughters father-in-law was executed by Henry VIII, the Pole family fell out of favor briefly, but regained favor. For Maid star Margaret Qualley, her job was all about building a relationship with child actor Rylea Nevaeh Whittet and making her feel safe on the set of the Netflix series that delves into . And he was well-connected enough to later secure his sons appointment as household page to John Morton, the archbishop of Canterbury and Lord Chancellor of England. The sitter might as well be carved, for all she suggests flesh or circulating blood. But the kings horoscope was looking nasty and, according to a Spanish commentator, he aged twenty years in two weeks. Margaret was born into the England of the Wars of the Roses and was the daughter of George, Duke of Clarence, one of Edward IV 's younger brothers and was of the House of York. According to some stories, which are not accepted by many historians, she refused to lay her head on the block, and guards had to force her to kneel. Answer (1 of 6): Anne Boleyn's death would have been instant and painless - to the extent that we can guess, anyway. For Mores part, he undoubtedly appreciated his second wifes superb housekeeping skills for they allowed him the freedom to pursue his increasingly successful career. Perhaps his earlier justification for the annulment had been a matter of self-interest, a selective interpretation of opaque text. Richard Pole was appointed to the household of Arthur, eldest son of Henry VII and Prince of Wales, heir apparent. Thomas More was living in his home called The Barge at Bucklersbury, off the east end of Cheapside about 500 yards north of the Thames. Margaret was not executed with her eldest son, but was held in the Tower for the last years of her life the king paying her bills, outfitting her as became a great lady in furred petticoats and a satin nightgown. Among his guests, in fact, was the king himself. Perhaps more than any other courtier of Henrys reign, More embodied the searching, troubled spirit of the early 16th century. The following poem was found carved on the wall of her cell: For traitors on the block should die; Mary's household was broken up at the end of the year, and Margaret asked to serve Mary at her own cost, but was not permitted. But three years into his reign, the young Henry VIII restored her to the greater part of her revenues and gave her back a family title, creating her Countess of Salisbury in her own right. His personal life remained placid and content. She spent much of her time at Warblington, where she was nicely placed, in the event of an invasion, to help the rebels against Henry; or so you thought, if you were one of Henrys councillors. Only when Fitzwilliam called Reginald a whoreson did she object, saying with a wonderful sorrowful countenance that he was no whoreson, for she was both a good woman and true. When Reginald, lying abroad, heard of her death, he announced to his secretary that he was now the son of a martyr. Mores beginnings, however, hardly predicted his spectacular career. When he later built his Great House in Chelsea, its rooms were specifically designed to encourage quiet study and prayer. The reasons were various, but the most important was Katharines position as aunt to the Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V. Charles would not let his aunt be cast aside (he was also considering the dynastic appeal of her daughter with Henry), and he pressured the pope to deny Henrys petition. When Prince Arthur held court in Ludlow with the 15-year-old Catherine of Aragon, Richard Pole was with him, and a friendship began between the bride and the chamberlains wife which was to outlast Catherines life and have deep and lasting consequences for Margaret Pole. Now he decided to seriously test his religious convictions. Of the many executions ordered by Henry VIII, surely the most horrifying was that of sixty-seven-year-old Margaret Pole, Countess of Salisbury, hacked to pieces on the scaffold by a blundering headsman. Margaret was perhaps guilty only by association, but at this distance it is impossible to tell. Sir Thomas having continued a Prisoner in the Tower somewhere more than a Twelvemonth, for he was committed about the middle of April 1534, and was brought to his Trial on the 7th of May, 1535. he went into the Court leaning on his Staff, because he was much weakened by his Imprisonment, but appeared with a cheerful and composed Countenance. Margaret was 14, and probably remained at court rather than living with her husband. But for now he was out of Henrys reach, leaving his family as hostages. His position at court meant that he was to be the kings advocate before parliament. She was more likely arrested simply because of her maternal connection to Henry and Reginald, her sons, and perhaps the symbolism of her family heritage, the last of the Plantagenets. A possible portrait of Margaret Pole (c. 1535). [18][19][20][21][22] Margaret was buried in the chapel of St Peter ad Vincula within the Tower of London. But Reginald stayed in Italy through the reign of Anne Boleyn supposedly preparing a learned statement on the kings case. Even the more sedate accounts agree that, like Thomas Cromwell, she was hacked about by a second-string executioner. Margarets whole family had been elevated with her on the wheel of fortune. (Margarets paternal aunt, Margaret of Burgundy, supported Perkin Warbecks conspiracy, hoping to restore the Yorkists to power.) Margaret's only surviving sibling was Edward, Earl of Warwick. Her first son, Henry Pole, was created Baron Montagu, another of the Neville titles, speaking for the family in the House of Lords. Cookies collect information about your preferences and your devices and are used to make the site work as you expect it to, to understand how you interact with the site, and to show advertisements that are targeted to your interests. In some versions, the plucky old girl refused to kneel at the block, and the headsman had to pin her down. The Editor In 1536, Pole sent Henry a treatise which not only opposed Henrys grounds for divorce that he had married his brothers wife and thus the marriage was invalid but also opposing Henrys more recent assertion of Royal Supremacy, power in the church in England above that of Rome. International The main character is Joanna Stafford, a Dominican novice. It was sumptuously furnished and built of brick a modern material but moated, crenellated, archaic in form. More was not a man to be broken by prison, but he suffered physically. The second season of The Spanish Princess premieres on Starz on Sunday, October 11. letters@lrb.co.uk The Execution of a Duke. Contemporary chroniclers often referred to him as a friend of the poor. Perhaps the contrast with the quiet, gentle Jane was too striking. And because of his early education in religious matters, Henry was no mere spectator in religious debate. The honor was tremendous; notably, More was the first layman to hold the office. Under interrogation, Geoffrey said that his eldest brother, Lord Montagu, and the Marquess had been parties to his correspondence with Reginald. [6] She remained there until she returned to favour when Henry VIII came to the throne in 1509. We do not know. More's trial took place on 1 July. Two days later, a four-count indictment charging More with treason was presented to the commission. These are not consistent; and ifas he claimed at one pointPole rejected the Divorce in 1526 and refused the Oath of Supremacy in 1531, he received benefits from Henry for a course of action for which others were sentenced to death. Margaret if it is she wears coral and ermine. Based in North Carolina, Higginbotham is a lawyer by background and has written several historical novels, spanning different eras. On 14 November 1538, Margaret Pole, Countess of Salisbury, was arrested. The new memorial that has been erected in front of the Chapel of St. Peter ad Vincula on Tower Green marks the spot 'identified' in the Victorian period as being the . We can't imagine how Margaret was feeling, she was 65 years of age when brought to the tower in 1539, an advanced age by the standards of the day. More suffered a sharp chest pain, possibly angina, and begged the king to release him from his duties. It was not a bloodbath, but a selective cull, carried through by process of law. Margaret Pole was a pretty tough and clinical woman. There are only glimpses of her in these years: my lady Margaret of Clarence. Investigating An Anemometer. It proved to be another happy marriage, though Mores friends remarked upon Alices sharp tongue and occasionally brusque ways. Birth Year: 1478. By 1520, as an indication of the trust placed in her, she had been appointed lady governor to the Princess Mary, born in 1516 and the only child of the royal marriage to survive for more than a few weeks. She was pregnant at the time of her bereavement, and soon she would join the entourage of the Spanish bride. Was she, at this point or that, doing nothing of interest at all or was she doing everything, in a way that was almost supernaturally discreet? The barrel, though, may have been strung on Margaret after her death. Margarets daughter Ursula would have 13 children, and three of her four sons would marry heiresses and have large families. He had several other livings, although he had not been ordained a priest. The sons of Edward IV, 11 and 13 years old, had been held in the Tower by their uncle Richard III, and last been seen by Londoners in the summer of 1483. Because of this, she becomes an unprovoked target for the King's anger. That was clear to Cromwell almost from the first, and perhaps to More, too. Henry Courtenay och Margaret Pole och fngslades i Towern. A Yorkist pretender had been crowned in Dublin, a child who claimed to be the Plantagenet heir, Edward, Earl of Warwick, Margarets 12-year-old brother. Please include name, address, and a telephone number. The skeleton was not complete, but part of the skull had survived, and certain other bones. This is what Margaret is now, besides paper and ink, and the ruins of her palaces: pieces of breastbone and pelvis, a single finger bone and four vertebrae. She built herself a castle at Warblington, close to the sea on the Hampshire-Sussex border. This blatant disrespect could not be tolerated and Mores name was included in a Bill of Attainder against Elizabeth Barton, the Holy Maid of Kent, who had prophesized against the kings annulment. Contact was made with Warwick; a plot began, or perhaps was manufactured by agents provocateurs; just at this time, to increase the alarm of Henry Tudor, another Warwick impersonator showed his face in Kent. For highlights from the latest issue, our archive and the blog, as well as news, events and exclusive promotions. The former Lord Chancellor Sir Thomas More is beheaded for High Treason after refusing to recognise King Henry VIII's religious supremacy. Margaret Pole was the daughter of George Plantagenet, Duke of Clarence, brother to Edward IV, and a leading figure in the Wars of the Roses. Portrait of an unknown woman, often identified as the Countess of Salisbury, DWYER, J. G. "Pole, Margaret Plantagenet, Bl.". The story of Mores last days is terribly affecting. See me safe up, he told the lieutenant who escorted him, and for my coming down let me shift for myself.. After his death, and for centuries thereafter, Sir Thomas More was known as the most famous victim of Henry VIIIs tyranny. He did not struggle with the reduction in means, and busied himself with planning a tomb for himself and his wives , as well as defending his faith in various pamphlets. He was a brilliant scholar of the Renaissance who died rather than betray the Catholic church. . Through her website she keeps lively links with readers and writers. The hands are the standard-issue long-fingered type; a black ribbon, added later, may conceal damage to the paint. Her brothers royal blood, however, remained a danger. Gregory had been corresponding with Reginald; the investigation of Henry Courtenay, Marquess of Exeter (Henry VIII's first cousin and Geoffrey's second cousin), had turned up his name. Her early years are obscure. Episode 081 of the Renaissance English History Podcast is an interview with Melita Thomas on Margaret Pole, Countess of Salisbury. He grew up cultivated and cosmopolitan, sensitive, lively-minded. London Review of Books (1) Basically, they disliked and mistrusted one another. In fact she was 67. He waited five days before being summoned to the scaffold on Tower Hill. Reginald Pole, (born March 3, 1500, Stourton Castle, Staffordshire, Eng.died Nov. 17, 1558, London), English prelate who broke with King Henry VIII over Henry's antipapal policies and later became a cardinal and a powerful figure in the government of the Roman Catholic queen Mary Tudor. We come now to the great event of Henrys reign. With the accession of the young king uxorious, beautiful and benign England seemed to have entered a golden age: and at his coronation, all the spectators, and presumably Margaret Pole with them, with great reverence, love and desire, said and cried: Yea, yea!. He dictated letter after letter. But if the weather turns nasty you up with an anchor and let it down where there's less wind, and the fishing's better. Some stories even claim this was at his own request, having been permitted to choose the manner of his execution. The kings mother, Margaret Beaufort, was protective of young brides; her own body had been wrecked by a pregnancy at 13. Rather, he felt that he could be more effective in the city itself, not closeted away amongst the nobles and councilors of Henrys court. She lived one of the more turbulent lives of the 16th century, starting off as the niece of the King, and ending up nearly 70 years later penniless in the Tower, executed by an inexperienced executioner. After her husband's death, Margaret acted as regent for her son James V, from 1513-1515. More would have to either acknowledge the kings spiritual supremacy and marriage to Anne Boleyn, or he would die. For example, as Lord Chancellor, More proclaimed the opinion of the English universities as favorable to the kings annulment. In 1541, Margaret was executed, protesting that she had not taken part in any conspiracy and proclaiming her innocence. The threat seemed even greater by 1538, when the two great powers, France and the emperor, signed a peace treaty which left them free to turn their attention to the pariah nation. This phrase has been interpreted as meaning Edward was of low intelligence; it only means that he was unworldly, and Higginbotham sees this. Margaret Pole ended up becoming a Catholic martyr. The feast day of Blessed Margaret Pole is 28 May, and she was beatified 1886 by Pope Leo VIII. Henry accepted Mores resignation. In 1540, Cromwell fell from favour and was attainted and executed. Margaret's third son, Reginald Pole, studied abroad in Padua. It was, Pierce says, as if Margaret had won the lottery. The popular image is of a man principled, steadfast, courageous who placed his own conscience above his kings demands. Henry VIII helped provide good marriages or religious offices for Margarets sons, and a good marriage for her daughter as well. Erasmus mourned his friend and wrote that Mores soul was more pure than snow and his genius was such that England never had and never again will have its like. More was beatified by the Catholic Church in 1886, and canonized by Pius XI in 1935. Wolsey, for all his brilliance and cunning, could not compete with that influence. Henry and his ministers suspected Reginald of plotting to marry the kings daughter Mary, and unite her claim with his. 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