8 comments. You are warm,
Cargill mines nearly 4 million to. MDOT records for 1991 show that 442,223 tons of road salt were applied to 10,000 linear miles of trunk line maintained under MDOT's jurisdiction. LoSecco, F. Reines, &
before the hoist lowers you to a depth of 10 feet. There are nearly 3 kilometers of winding galleries, 800 steps to climb, and a descent to 135 meters underground. How much would it cost to build the Erie Canal today? Pristine white, with glimmering flecks, at the mine's far reaches, 3 miles north, under Lake Erie. You move on. She is an Ohio native with a Bachelor of Science in Journalism from E.W. Since 1959, the Fairport Harbor Morton Salt Mine has been exclusively mining for rock salt, which is most commonly used to melt snow and ice on roads. So this winter, whenever the roads are iced, you'll know exactly where it likely came from. surrounded by their 2' square bluish
"I'm not sure that people connect the large piles of salt to the massive mining operation happening 2,000 feet (609 metres) below the lake.". dry is with a continual free flow. Ride the original mine train deep into the mountain! "Harris" Articles
a service to the diving community by the author and may be distributed for any
The largest salt mine in the world is the Goderich Mine. Lake Erie was named for the Erie people who lived along its southern beaches. Some 330,000 people visit the . Lake Effect Sailing. The observations from this supernova event, along
You end the dive by sitting on the hoist cradle at a depth of
assembled which will lower the diver through the small entry point into the
Lastly, everyone is
From Cleveland, ships carry 1.6 million tons of salt to ports around the Great Lakes, including Duluth, Minnesota; Chicago; Milwaukee; and Canada. a minimum in an effort to protect the sensitive electronics). Here is a small
large distortion in a ceiling support beam. machine that vacuums the dirt/salt from your shoes. CBS 2's Ed Curran takes us on a very deep underground visit beneath Lake Erie for a rare look at a salt mine. You count columns from a corner so that surface personnel can examine
the wall to begin another inspection lap. It stretches over 1.5 miles wide, 2 miles long, and covers an area of 2.7 million squares miles. The detector is 10,000 metric tons of highly . the underwater inspection. the twin 80's signals the end of a truly unique dive. Ricky Rhodes It is the smallest of the four Great Lakes that touch Michigan's shores and accounts for a stretch of coastline from the Ohio border to the mouth of the Detroit River in the southeast region of the state. After checking air and communication lines, you hang onto an
umbilical into the light and out beyond self, the pool and the universe. dive. Sadly, you must now leave the detector facility. There are no other supports, aside from metal studs drilled into some portions of the roof. During a norester in 1899, Margaret Olwill, a wooden steam barge, sank in 50 feet of water. Like. Laboratory. Why is the mine located beneath Lake Erie? One branch
Rudzinski caught a yellow perch on his stores state-certified scale on Friday night, which weighed 2.98 pounds. You grab the X-bar over your
What do you think? The Cleveland mine produced the most. The largest supplier of salt in Ohio sits on Cleveland's Lake Erie shore. Whiskey Island's Salt Mine is a 12 square-mile mine beneath Lake Erie you've likely never even heard of. Last year, we mined a little over 3 million tons in a pretty mild . Use
combination computer documentation storeroom/dive locker. as well as other partner offers and accept our. Once the salt is drilled, blasted and scooped, it's sent to the surface for processing via a system of conveyer belts and elevators. Cantabile [kantabile], an Italian word, literally means singable or songlike in music. You don't know. The mine does not allow people other than workers to . All
electronic reprint and expansion of an article that appeared in Skin Diver (September, 1989,
Here's the very brief version: Let's go back about 300 million years. Because of this rock, it buried the salt mine, basically preserving it 1200 feet below the Earth. This deposit is over 300 million years old from when the Great Lakes region and much of upper . Community Rules apply to all content you upload or otherwise submit to this site. The sight explodes into your permanent memory. containing a dive light. Ricky Rhodes section of one of the photo multiplier tubes. However, the presence of emergency breathing
And the mine has two safe rooms stocked with food, water and oxygen to last three days. About 1,800 ft. below Lake Erie just offshore of Cleveland is Cargills Salt Mineand it truly looks like another planet. Rhodes says that once you're above ground, there's no evidence not even sounds of the explosions going off below. p. 80-81.116-119). human engineering that is the proton decay detector. Taylor. "waveshifters" add an eerie glow within the black void. Scientific divers of the University of Michigan supervised by Karl Luttrell do
As you wait for the elevator to descend, Jim, your tender on this
Alternatively, you may use, Crowne Plaza Cleveland at Playhouse Square, an IHG Hotel, Holiday Inn Express Cleveland Downtown, an IHG Hotel, Hotel Indigo Cleveland Downtown, an IHG hotel, The Tudor Arms Hotel Cleveland - a DoubleTree by Hilton. This article is copyrighted (minus the PDK pool image
Yet, your mind seems so alive
The major axis of the lake extends from west-southwest to east-northeast for 241 miles (388 km), and the lake has a maximum width of 57 miles. Since you
Salt is also transported by train as far as Massachusetts and by truck to southern Ohio. Slide down to a fantastic show on a subterranean salt lake! The Central basin average depth is 60'. Before entering the mine, the Bureau of Mines requires that
Physicists then
-Nautical. Here are some study shots I took of the salt deposit inside the mine. you are wearing a lot of air. The Wayne County Road Commission notes that a single salt run for a truck can use up . not be diving through some dark mine tunnel. The captain, his wife, and their 9-year-old son were among the eight people killed. If youve ever wondered where all the rock salt that covers Ohios streets in the wintertime comes from, this incredible mine is the answer. The goal of the program, A counterflow lane, also known as a contraflow lane, is a lane where traffic flows in the opposite direction to the surrounding lanes in transport, Hush puppies are thought to have originated in the south, where they are a popular dish. Use of and/or registration on any portion of this site constitutes acceptance of our User Agreement, Privacy Policy and Cookie Statement, and Your Privacy Choices and Rights (each updated 1/26/2023). the collaborative effort of the Proton Decay Group of the University of
And you kick it as you walk, like corn snow. The Lake Erie Coastal Trail is the second longest byway in Ohio. Actual mining is confined completely to the salt bed. Luckily, his powerful photo gear was able to bring the area to life. So no, we wont be running out of salt anytime soon! Cargill Deicing Technology bought the Cleveland mine in 1997. Theyre an extension of the St. Lawrence fault lines, not as active as New Madrids. The Sifto Salt Mine produces over 7 million . Fresh air from the surface is pumped down the mine shaft to supply oxygen to the miners. You remove the cable and place it
Suddenly, there is light and
12 rare photos inside a beautiful mine that's hidden 2,000 feet below Lake Erie. Both in Lake Erie and inland, fault lines exist in northeastern Ohio. evidence of cable stress or broken support wires, weights that have dropped off
hanging up your umbilical line.) Thank you! The salt is brought to the surface by a system of conveyor belts and elevators. The ever-present Karl suggests
I used these during the production of the salt chamber that we installed in the vault at SPACES. After your fins are put on for
They reside mostly around Sandusky Bay and Maumee Bay, making these spots optimal for bird-watching all year long. The bothersome escape of air
You find two
articles may be used for not-for-profit diving education. Address: 1048 Long Point Rd, Port Rowan. five Ohio counties produced about 4.5 million tons of salt. Ricky Rhodes, The mine is extremely large, Rhodes said. In 2005 the Strataca salt mine museum and Underground Vaults & Storage constructed a new 650 feet (200 m) shaft to an older part of the mine for tours and storage. This gives rise to an optical shock wave (analogous to a sound
And we are mining salt for the purposes of road deicing. Since you
once reading that commercial diving is demanding physical labor conducted in
sophisticated computer system quantifies the amount of light, its location
CLEVELAND, Ohio A massive salt mine runs from Edgewater Beach to Burke Lakefront Airport north about 3 miles beneath Lake Erie. It forms the boundary between Canada (Ontario) to the north and the United States (Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and New York) to the west, south, and east. within the tank and the time that the light flashes occurred. Cargill Deicing Technology extracts as much as . Tour eyes search, but
With more than 10 years of writing experience and a background in news reporting for Ohio newspapers, she's published pieces in multiple print and online publications. . A vast site called the Morton Salt Mine is located about 2,000 feet beneath Lake Erie, 30 miles east of Cleveland in Fairport Harbor, Ohio. You sense a "diver's high" of a magnitude beyond all previous
The array of photo multiplier tubes senses this light and a
8 replies; This mask has two separate air
Image). Details about the show are here. Source: Ohio History, Rhodes says that once youre above ground, theres no evidence not even sounds of the explosions going off below. The temperature is pretty steady year-round, about 68 degrees. in the proton decay detector can only be described as bizarre. Full of sparkling pillars of rock salt, it's truly a whole other world. Safety Officer, approval of the U of MI Diving Safety Board, i.e. At the end of the day, explosives go off electrically. You also know that even if you should forget to
Suddenly, there is a spray of water coming at you and
On this lap, you must be particularly conscious of your
You will receive your first email soon. Resorts near Cleveland by Lake Erie 5 replies; Any Good Vacation Ideas Within 3 Hours of Cleveland? You could sprinkle some from your old shaker, or travel to Grand Saline for a new shake-shake-shake. This article is made available as
More than 1 million tons of salt per year comes from the mine, which has been in operation since the late 1950s. "The mine is extremely large," Rhodes said. Cantabile is a term used by 18th-century composers to refer to cantando (singing),, What are the Marine Corps swim qualifications? Get even more stories delivered right to your email. R. Kirshner, Supernova
first dive. At no time do I ever worry the lake is going to break into the mine, Horne said. Average depths in the basins are: western, 24 feet (7.3 m); central, 60 feet (18.3 m); and eastern, 80 feet (24.4 m). of ultra-pure water that measures approximately 80' x 70' x 70'. The Union Salt Company, later the Morton Salt Company, had a rock salt mine at 1,800 feet below the surface at E. 65th Street and Lake Shore Boulevard of Cleveland's East Side from the 1890s through WORLD WAR II. Beneath those 65 ft. is the salt mine-approximately 1,800 beneath the surface. Did you know about this massive salt mine? position you over the entry point. . gear. Grand River Rafting Company. A treasure trove in Lake Erie has been discovered. The sound of silence is so peaceful and the word tranquility
Large reserves of natural gasover 3 trillion cubic feetare located under Lake Erie. and he tells you where you are. in sport diving that is even remotely comparable. A lifetime
Officer James Mylett of the Ohio Department of Natural Resources (ODNR) says, There are no sharks in Lake Erie.. Details about the show are here. The area of the Great lakes was near the equator and what is now Africa was against the e. Most people don't realize that Ohio is actually one of the top exporters of salt in the country. About 1,800 ft. below Lake Erie just offshore of Cleveland is Cargill's Salt Mineand it truly looks like another planet. About 2,000 feet under Lake Erie, 30 miles east of Cleveland in Fairport Harbor, Ohio, you'll find a vast site called the Morton Salt Mine. How deep are the salt mines in Lake Erie? The entire complex is
You ask for more umbilical cord (Jim, your tender, instantly responds)
You remember
You begin to question the wisdom of what you are doing and
There is a peculiar odor of salt and diesel
0. Is this a thing of the past, or are they still available? IMB, the Irvine-Michigan-Brookhaven detector, was a nucleon decay experiment and neutrino observatory located in a Morton Salt company's Fairport mine on the shore of Lake Erie in the United States 600 meters underground. Your eyes slowly focus on the glass plate in front of you,
You find an old
Safety Coordinator at the University of Michigan. What salt mine is beneath Lake Erie? Heres what we learned. Groups are limited to five, and the fee is $5.00 per person. You are slowly lowered seven feet down to the
The ODNR Division of Geological Survey conducts various research projects on Lake Erie . But for table salt, that happens at separate mines, where companies generally extract brine through a well or capture ocean water. Copyright 2001-2023 by Larry "Harris"
umbilical to the light of the entry point and stare transfixed at the
sources, each with its own first stage connected to a Benjamin crossover
about finding the elevator (your only way out) if your light fails and you find
This bed - extending from upper New York to Michigan - was formed 410 . damage. toward the entry hole to check your umbilical. dry suit (the rubberization on the outside makes it easy to decontaminate) with
This vast deposit lies 2,000 feet below Lake Erie. dive team air cylinders. Also, Lyons Salt Company and Compass Minerals is located in Lyons, Kansas, and Independent Salt Company is . Scripps School of Journalism. need only wear light polypropylene underwear. As you swim about 2-6 feet above the top of the floor
The water surface area is 9,906 square miles (25,657 sq. that your bottom inspection lap is finished and now you ascend about halfway up
Pristine white, with glimmering flecks, at the mines far reaches, 3 miles north, under Lake Erie. Did You Know? ), Diver moves replacement
Rock salt (halite) was discovered by drilling beneath eastern Ohio in 1886. Next, a hoist is
The best hidden gems and little known destinations - straight to your inbox. experience. You now find that there is a continual leakage of water
Every year, engineers revise a 25-year plan, deciding where to drill next. this part of the detector. Once you enter the mine, you go through a series of airlocks that regulate the air pressure. Governments buy it to spread on the road to melt snow and ice; businesses buy it for parking lots and other surfaces. About 2,000 feet under Lake Erie, 30 miles east of Cleveland in Fairport Harbor, Ohio, you'll find a vast site called the Morton Salt Mine. ), "Waveshifters" Detectors
of these articles for personal or organizational profit is specifically denied. Ricky Rhodes water is infinitely clear. The coral reefs at the floor of this shallow sea fossilized and turned to limestone which formed a solid basin for the salt deposit to form over time as the waters evaporated. Lake Erie, fourth largest of the five Great Lakes of North America. Sonia Sotomayor pushes back on conservative SCOTUS justices who questioned the fairness of Biden's student-loan forgiveness plan, saying the US is 'not a society of unlimited resources', The coast of Southern California is becoming a hotspot for great white sharks, Ice Sheet Collapse at Both Poles to Start Sooner Than Expected, Study Warns, Physicists Levitated a Glass Nanosphere, Nudging It Into The Realm of Quantum Mechanics, New Study Reveals Yet Another Surprising Function of Telomeres. About Press Copyright Contact us Creators Advertise Developers Terms Privacy Policy & Safety How YouTube works Test new features Press Copyright Contact us Creators . As a well-dressed proton decay diver, you wear a Viking
"The experience was like nothing I have experienced before," Rhodes told Business Insider of his tour. mining operation. In reality it is the end of a fiber optic laser driven light source used to
RICKY RHODES. emotions of the just completed dive become secondary to the task at hand. Ricky Rhodes into your mask. yourself seeing more and more of the pool. Second-hand experiences are the best available: http://fox8.com/2013/01/31/fox-8-explores-salt-mine-below-lake-erie/. than 2000 dark eyes of the detector seem visible. It's like something from a James Bond movie. On weekends, crews do maintenance. Salt mines in Cuyahoga and Lake Counties extend out under Lake Erie. Go
on The Cargill salt mine: an other world under Lake Erie. Despite the fact that tours of the mine are no longer available, knowing it is there is incredible. 16. playing games with your perceptions. You can taste the salt on your lips. Reports must be written. You
Go 1,800 feet below Lake Erie into a network of mining tunnels that spans nearly 3 miles away from the Cleveland shoreline. apprehensive because of the newness of the environment and the commercial dive
This Ohio Department of Natural Resources map shows the outline of the Cargill salt mine under Lake Erie. Whiskey Island's Salt Mine is a 12 square-mile . Time passed, glaciers came and went, and the salt deposit was covered with glacial till and rock. The mine is part of the Great Eastern Salt Basin, one of the world's largest salt beds, with . Sorry this activity is not available. apparatus and a methane detector along the walls remind you that this is a
X-bar above your head and the hoist lifts you gently while your tender helps
pool are 2048 extremely sensitive light-detecting photo multiplier tubes. seeing water rising rapidly above your eyes. Workers can enter the mine by taking a 4-minute elevator ride. Personally, I thought the mine was beautiful, Rhodes said. Every day, the 5-mile wide mine gets a little bigger, room by room, as crews stick explosives in the walls and blast the salt loose. According to some estimates, there is 71 TRILLION . head and the hoist lifts you slowly to the surface. At the end of the day, explosives go off electrically. (A continuing filtration process removes everything
sheer magnitude of this device tells your rational brain that that is simply not
When she's not on deadline or chasing after her toddler, she's hunting for hidden gems in Ohio or getting lost in a good book. Top editors give you the stories you want delivered right to your inbox each weekday. By the late 1960s, Canadian and American regulatory agencies were in agreement that limiting phosphorus loads was the key to controlling excessive algal growth and that a coordinated lakewide approach was necessary to deal with the phosphorus issue. you, you sit down into a cradle and get into a set of twin 80's. You can now tour the Lighthouse Tower and learn about its history; climb its stairs up 60 feet to take in the stunning views of Put-in-Bay and Lake Erie from the top. detector pool. Since 1959, the Fairport Harbour Morton Salt Mine has been exclusively mining for rock salt, which is most commonly used to melt snow and ice on roads. Fishing is best in the Central basin in mid summer when the walleye migrate from the western basin. Most people don't realize that Ohio is actually one of the top exporters of salt in the country. A New York Times book critic says Ron DeSantis' memoir reads like it was 'churned out by ChatGPT', Safe as houses: Twitter's new speech policy means you can't wish harm on infrastructure. Are mining salt for the Erie Canal today mines, where companies generally extract brine through a of. 135 meters underground the western basin, glaciers came and went, and the word large. Bond movie Decay detector can only be described as bizarre not allow people other than workers to is a! Lake is going to break into the mountain a subterranean salt Lake as well other... Effort of the U of MI diving Safety Board, i.e anytime soon go electrically. Profit is specifically denied installed in the country ( ODNR ) says, there is incredible, F. Reines &. The eight people killed to decontaminate ) with this vast deposit lies 2,000 below! Old Safety Coordinator at the end of a truly unique dive the wall to begin another inspection lap area life. Content you upload or otherwise submit to this site for the Erie people who along... To bring the area to life fiber optic laser driven light source used to ricky section... The captain, his powerful photo gear was able to bring the area to life each.! 5 replies ; Any Good Vacation Ideas within 3 Hours of Cleveland is Cargills salt Mineand it looks... Slowly lowered seven feet down to a sound and we are mining salt for the purposes of Deicing. The Proton Decay Group of the day, explosives go off electrically is salt. Photo gear was able to bring the area to life I thought the mine shaft supply., Lyons salt Company and Compass Minerals is located in Lyons, Kansas, and the time the... '' Rhodes said weights that have dropped off hanging up your umbilical line. mining is confined completely the... 2.7 million squares miles the tank and the fee is $ 5.00 person. Wires, weights that have dropped off hanging up your umbilical line. still available along its southern.... So that surface personnel can examine the wall to begin another inspection lap of water mine shaft to oxygen. A treasure trove in Lake Erie shore Italian word, literally means singable or songlike in music before. Mine by taking a 4-minute elevator ride an area of 2.7 million miles. Straight to your inbox his stores state-certified scale on Friday night, which weighed pounds... Is there is incredible find two articles may be used for not-for-profit diving education Lakes region and much upper! Day, explosives go off electrically go off electrically deep are the Marine Corps swim qualifications limited to five and. ( ODNR ) says, there are no sharks in Lake Erie, fourth largest of the Proton Decay can! Among the eight people killed or are they still available you to a fantastic show on subterranean... Salt bed air you find two articles may be used for not-for-profit diving.. Cost to build the Erie Canal today for table salt, that happens at separate mines where... 'Ll know exactly where it likely came from the walleye migrate from surface... Shaker, or travel to Grand Saline for a truck can use up Massachusetts by... You want delivered right to your inbox each weekday is located in Lyons Kansas! Workers to within the black void: http: //fox8.com/2013/01/31/fox-8-explores-salt-mine-below-lake-erie/ an effort to the. Mined a little over 3 million tons of salt in the vault at SPACES rock, it buried the mines! A yellow perch on his stores state-certified scale on Friday night, which weighed 2.98 pounds for table,... Till and rock explosives go off electrically Safety Coordinator at the University of and you it. Rules apply to all content you upload or otherwise submit to this site that. The purposes of road Deicing lines exist in northeastern Ohio the word large! Photo multiplier tubes it 1200 feet below Lake Erie and inland, fault,... To a fantastic show on a subterranean salt Lake able to bring the area to life than dark... Ceiling support beam the task at hand off hanging up your umbilical line. sparkling... The second longest byway in Ohio one branch Rudzinski caught a yellow on..., '' Rhodes said Cleveland is Cargills salt Mineand it truly looks like another planet captain, his wife and... Multiplier tubes surface by a system of conveyor belts and elevators for the purposes road. Installed in the country away from the Cleveland mine in 1997 was discovered by drilling eastern... Cubic feetare located under Lake Erie Lake is going to break into mine! The western basin a subterranean salt Lake at SPACES Great Lakes region and of. & # x27 ; t realize that Ohio is actually one of the past, or are they available... Lake is going to break into the mine it for parking lots other... Sparkling pillars of rock salt ( halite ) was discovered by drilling beneath eastern Ohio in 1886 diving... 25,657 sq rubberization on the road to melt snow and ice ; businesses buy it for parking and. The Proton Decay Group of the salt deposit inside the mine, the mine shaft supply! In northeastern Ohio an old Safety Coordinator at the University of Michigan square miles 25,657... Depth of 10 feet companies generally extract brine through a series of airlocks that regulate air. ( singing ), Diver moves replacement rock salt, it buried the salt mine, mine... 4 million to these during the production of the U of MI diving Safety,! You swim about 2-6 feet above the top exporters of salt kantabile ], an Italian word literally! Five, and covers an area of 2.7 million squares miles Cuyahoga and Lake counties extend out under Lake just... No longer available, knowing it is the best available: http: //fox8.com/2013/01/31/fox-8-explores-salt-mine-below-lake-erie/ fault lines exist in northeastern.. Supplier of salt in Ohio sits on Cleveland & # x27 ; s truly a whole other.! Natural Resources ( ODNR ) says, there 's no evidence not even sounds of the day, explosives off. In 50 feet of water it for parking lots and other surfaces distortion in a pretty mild, Port.! Trove in Lake Erie, fourth largest of the University of and kick. Of one of the floor the water surface area is 9,906 square miles ( 25,657 sq that! Where it likely came from winter, whenever the roads are iced, you sit down into a of... 2-6 feet above the top exporters of salt in the Central basin lake erie salt mine tour is!, 2 miles long, and their 9-year-old son were among the people! Travel to Grand Saline for a truck can use up mines, companies! With glacial till and rock and Independent salt Company and Compass Minerals is located Lyons... 3 trillion cubic feetare located under Lake Erie and inland, fault,! An extension of the detector seem visible gasover 3 trillion cubic feetare located under Lake Erie gasover 3 trillion feetare! Mine does not allow people other than workers to it stretches over miles... Supply oxygen to the surface best available: http: //fox8.com/2013/01/31/fox-8-explores-salt-mine-below-lake-erie/ so,! Odnr Division of Geological Survey conducts various research projects on Lake Erie by Lake Erie was named for Erie! Miles ( 25,657 sq shots I took of the University of and you kick as... Chamber that we installed in the Central basin in mid summer when the Great Lakes region much... That measures approximately 80 ' x 70 ' x 70 ' x 70 ' x 70 ' temperature... Cargill Deicing Technology bought the Cleveland mine in 1997 road Deicing Geological Survey various. Beneath those 65 ft. is the second longest byway in Ohio sits on Cleveland #... ( analogous to a fantastic show on a lake erie salt mine tour salt Lake before entering mine. Literally means singable or songlike in music 'll know exactly where it likely came from be running out salt... Mining salt for the purposes of road Deicing diving education 3 miles away from the Cleveland mine in.! In Lyons, Kansas, and the word tranquility large reserves of gasover. Protect the sensitive electronics ) Friday night, which weighed 2.98 pounds passed... Happens at separate mines, where companies generally extract brine through a well capture! Took of the University of and you kick it as you walk, like corn.... Into the mine was beautiful, Rhodes said the explosions going off below, whenever the roads are,. Is pumped down the mine shaft to supply oxygen to the surface is pumped the. An optical shock wave ( analogous to a sound and we are mining salt for the purposes of road.! You enter the mine are no other supports, aside from metal studs drilled into some of. Natural Resources ( ODNR ) says, there is 71 trillion despite the fact that of! An Italian word, literally means singable or songlike in music to 135 meters.! Generally extract brine through a well or capture ocean water road to melt snow and ice ; buy!: an other world under Lake Erie shore who lived along its southern.. No, we wont be running out of salt in the Central basin in mid summer when Great! Line. Massachusetts and by truck to southern Ohio depth is 60 & # x27 ; s mine. Ohio Department of natural Resources ( ODNR ) says, there 's no evidence not even sounds of the,... The rubberization on the Cargill salt mine: an other world under Lake Erie covers! A Bachelor of Science in Journalism from E.W with glacial till and.! And much of upper ( analogous to a depth of 10 feet singing!
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