Canalization is done to enable ships to berth at the wharf, without running aground. The swamps are scooped away or reinforced with sand and concrete in other to produce a hard surface on which to construct foundations of buildings. There's money to be made in moving land to the right place. This is a situation where rivers near ports are expanded to accommodate large ocean going ships. Land that is reclaimed is used for construction of schools, hospitals, roads and bridges. Despite the negative consequences of coastal land reclamation to aquatic species, it can add some economic value if used for non-intrusive agricultural activities. It is business on the part of those doing it because poor people dont benefit from the houses being built on the reclaimed land. For their reclamation efforts the Town received the 2002 New York State Mined Land Reclamation Award. It has not been recognized yet that reclamation may change the regional ground water regime, which may in turn modify the coastal environment . Land is the basic natural earth resource, which can be used to produce ones satisfying goods and services through agriculture, industry and commerce. According to him, disruption of the ecology would also have a negative impact on the people living in the affected area. With . Many marine communities are surrounded by mangrove forests, mostly in the upper intertidal zones. Over population is a major factor that had led to the extension of cities beyond coastal limits. The impact of land reclamation on coastal environment and marine ecology is well recognized and widely studied. Proliferation of urban areas had resulted to the increase in the encroachment of human activities around the coast. This facility is situated at a coastal community that is land-locked. It is the replacement of populations in a habitat through a regular progression over time to a stable state following a disturbance. It is also designed in such a way that it will accommodate massive commercial and residential purposes. Sand mining activity is a lucrative business in the Niger Delta and is embarked upon by both private individuals and government officials. Agricultural activities such as rice paddies and aquaculture are embarked upon in swampy coastal locations [14]. However, many land reclamation activities are not development-centered, but business-centered. While this is a fairly high percentage, the rural populations have dwindled down in recent years, down from 85% in 1960. Farms are generally small and scattered and use simple tools and shifting cultivation. The Niger Delta is found in the southern part of Nigeria and borders the Atlantic Ocean (Figure 1). It should be noted that land reclamation activity is not a contemporary practice in Lagos, it is an age-long practice that is dated to the 60's in Nigeria's economic capital. Orange Island is another reclaimed island that covers about 150 hectares of land and is located within the Lekki axis in Lagos. From the sea Lagos rose, from humble port city to economic and political powerhouse and sprawling home to around 22. Other types of land reclamation are dry method, hydraulic reclamation method, direct dumping, sand spreading and pumping inside the bumps. Changes in land form lead to changes in the biogeography of the area. For instance, The United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat), in its article that x-rayed condition of the world cities titled Cities at Risk from Rising Sea Levels categorises Lagos as one of 50 cities most exposed to extreme sea levels. The project is a replica of striking islands like Songo International Business District in South Korea and Palm Deira in UAE which were also achieved through land reclamation. Alaafin of Oyo passes away at 83, after over 50 years on the throne, Liverpool tame Wolves to climb into top six, Martinelli stars as leaders Arsenal crush Everton to go five points clear, Britain's Prince Harry loses home on royal estate, PDP senator-elect lauds C/Rivers Gov. The water channel has to be set up to facilitate interconnectivity. Salt marshes and mangrove forests that line the coasts in temperate and tropical regions respectively are also endangered because of human desire to live and do business along coasts through the execution of different coastal development projects; land subsidence from oil and gas drilling and dams that hold back marsh-building sediments [17, 18]. Kansai International Airport (in Osaka) and Hong Kong International Airport are examples where this process was deemed necessary. These activities are common in areas where there are coastal vegetation e.g. Another example is the replacement of invasive nipa palm forest with native mangrove forests. In Nigeria reclaimed land is used to build residential quarters, road network, vegetation production, grazing, recreation, shopping complex and refuse disposal site. Nevertheless, land utilization is influenced by nature and characteristics of soil, soil moisture and temperature, topography and land location, flora, fauna and climate. The succession process in the Niger Delta occurs in three phases (Figure 7). These laws place ownership of all mineral resources in the federal government rather than the state governments, who are custodians of all land. In October 2021, DEC prepared, . UNITED KINGDOM, Landscape Reclamation - Rising From What's Left, Reasons for land reclamation in the Niger Delta, Impact of land reclamation on mangrove and coastal environment, Impact of landscape reclamation on marine ecosystem, The role of human ecology in land reclamation. If done in an organised manner, I believe nobody will complain. A proposed mangrove protect ted area design where no exploration, exploitation or reclamation activity will occur in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. Land reclamation, also called reclamation is the process of creating new land from ocean or riverbeds. Land reclamation involves developing and implementing a reclamation plan that considers and . Centralization: these are lands that are regarded as focal points as a result of their economic value. Several laws have been enforced to restrict construction in certain important zones and simultaneously laws have been levied to reclaim land from these zones. Land reclamation requires heavy construction work, bulldozers, scrapers, excavators, continuous operation . Apart from the Island areas; other places in the mainland such as Oworonshoki (Third Mainland Bridge axis) and areas of Ikorodu have been undergoing extensive land reclamation for developmental purpose. The method is mostly regarded as the simplest one. All land comprised in the territory of each state in Nigeria are vested in the governor of that state and such land shall be held in trust and administered for the use and . I have noted four (4) problems/challenges people will most likely encounter in this line of business and also proffered some good solutions to them. So, some observers are of the view that the recent flooding that are now common in these areas are not unconnected to the ongoing massive land reclamation. Land policy in Nigeria is influenced by government and culture. Land reclamation is the process of constructing fabricated land from oceans, seas, rivers and lake beds. 86 of 1992, which guides such projects. This is because their adventitious root system traps sediments during tidal flow, and accumulate it over a long period of time. Reclamation can be used to revert rain-deficient (arid) areas by irrigation, the removal of pollutants (salt, alkali, etc.) This process is called artificial seedling recruitment on reclaimed land [16]. The Atlantic City was built by dredging up and filling in 10 kilometers (about 6.2 miles) worth of land. The scouring of the river bottom crushes and destroys a lot of organisms such as shell and non-shell fish community in that location. Swampy soils are also locally reinforced with hard soils known as chikoko and left for some years to solidify before houses are built on it. According to him, artificial land reclamation activities have been an age-long war between man and nature, noting that Lagos state government needs to get things right and be careful as the exercise could lead to disastrous consequence. At about 345 people per square mile, it is also the most densely populated country in Africa. The general principle governing land-tenure is that land is common property of the tribe as represented by the chief of the political group. Similarly, the intertidal or littoral ecosystems, which are areas where the ocean meets the land face destruction during landscape reclamation. It is crucial to the environment's welfare both now and in the future. Bounded in the South by the Atlantic Ocean, the city is situated on the mainland, home to 70% of the city's population with series of islands and a peninsula that holds the remaining 30% (Ogunlesi, 2012). The aim is to prevent the destruction of the ecosystem by human activities such as sand mining, exploration, hunting and fishing. In a preliminary study conducted in the sand dredged area, soil samples were collected for physico-chemical analysis at three sites (T1, T2 and T3) from the back of the sand filled area to the entrance of the sand fill area (Figure 8). Apart from the Island areas; other places in the mainland such as Oworonshoki (Third Mainland Bridge axis) and areas of Ikorodu have been undergoing extensive land reclamation for developmental purpose. The gigantic project, like others, is being done as a Public Private Partnership (PPP) between Lagos state government and Orange Island Development Company (OIDC). A perfect example is a fishing community called Ago-Egun which is located at the outskirt of Bariga axis in Lagos. Colombo is a wetland city at heart - but Sri Lankans need reminding too often, says ChethikaGunasiri, an environmental scientist with the Wetland Management Division of Sri Lanka's Land Reclamation and Development Corporation. According to them, the city has long been vulnerable to flood in recent times, while environmental safeguards have continued to be weakened. However, their predicament began when a company known as Nigerian Westminster Dredging and Marine Limited commenced sand filling project at Lagos Lagoon, at the foot of Third Mainland Bridge at Oworonshoki. Hydraulic reclamation method is a wet method that is used when fill material is obtained from an offshore borrow source. Developmental activities are carried out in them through collaboration between Lagos state government and private developers. Umar Afegbua of the Centre for Geodesy and Geodynamics, Toro, Bauchi State, in his own view said that that the reclamation exercise is not done in the right way in the sense that it destroys the other aspect of the environment; thereby, creating disequilibrium in the environment. Sand spreading is when a spreader is mounted on a small floating barge; so sand is discharged alongside with water through perforations in the pipe. Lending his voice on the matter, an environmentalist, Osawe Irabors view differs from those of Nwilo, Faniran and Afegbua. It was called The Great Garuda (named after the shape of the mythical bird on Indonesia's coat of arms) and meant creating 17 artificial . from lands, the diking and draining of tidal marshes, the smoothing and re-vegetation of strip-mine spoil areas [8]. Liverpool moved into the Premier League's top six as goals from Virgil van Dijk and Mohamed Salah deepened Wolves' relegation fears with a 2-0 defeat at Anfield. The latest reclamation project Lantau Tomorrow Vision, for example, is an ambitious plan to reclaim 1,700 hectares of land for more public housing. Two major activities that devastate coastal areas are sand mining and off-shore dredging. By, this, the land reclaimed is therefore known as reclamation ground or land fill. Every citizen of Nigeria is empowered to acquire and own immovable property anywhere in Nigeria. In a natural seedling recruitment, after a disturbance event the first set of species that settle and colonize an area are the pioneer species. Crude oil pipeline and well head situated in reclaimed coastal area in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. According to Irabor, with every sense of purpose, I will say that what is happening in Lagos is being driven by the desire to make money. Books > Cities on China's coast reclaimed an average of 700 square kilometres of land - that's about the size of Singapore - from the sea every year from 2006 to 2010 for new houses, industrial . As PhD students, we found it difficult to access the research we needed, so we decided to create a new Open Access publisher that levels the playing field for scientists across the world. The swampy environment is a mixture of mud and water, after a long period of perturbation the swampy soil gets solidified and changes to a terrestrial environment. The Great Garuda, Indonesia Project cost: $40bn (28bn) | Land to be reclaimed: 12.5km2. This condition is believed to be caused by high concentration of soil nutrients at the end of the sand fill area that flowed in with the river water during high tide. In an assessment of over 136 port cities, the UN body ranked the city of Lagos as 38th as regards exposure to flooding. Areas close to the shore are also sand filled to connect bridges. Lagos, located in the south-western region of western Nigeria, is a city perpetually on the brink of flooding. ( See also city; urban planning .) Succession is an ecological process, which is a change in species composition of communities over time. red, white and black mangroves) and seeds of nipa palm and Heritiera littoralis. Direct dumping is the process used when the sea bed is deep or when the underlying seabed is soft. Abia (state) Aba Arochukwu Umuahia Adamawa (state) Jimeta Mubi Numan Yola Akwa Ibom (state) Ikot Abasi Ikot Ekpene Oron Uyo Anambra (state) Awka Onitsha Bauchi (state) Azare Bauchi Jamaare Katagum The attractiveness of the coastline is resulting in population concentrations along the coastline, with a rate of urbanization slightly higher . Dry method is appropriate for filling material from land sources; mostly rock, hillcut and clay fill material. "The oil industry in Nigeria is so corrupt that even locals get scammed. early, mid and late successional species) within 15years, 510years and 1030years respectively. The loss to the environment is permanent and enormous because for over 34years no coastal species had grown in this area. However, in many communities coastal lands are protected traditionally if they have cultural significance to the people [1]. Political Map of Nigeria Map based on a UN map. The problem is that mangroves provide numerous ecosystem services to the local people while the palms provide no ecosystem service to the people. It involves the creation of zones of use that include core, buffer and transition zones. The same is being experienced in many reclaimed lands in many parts of the world. The development of the Eko Atlantic City is being done in collaboration between Lagos state government and the organised private sector that is responsible for the funding of the project. SINGAPORE - A new method of land reclamation will be adopted at the north-western tip of Pulau Tekong, adding new land the size of two Toa Payoh towns for military training purposes, National . The sand-filled area to date has no mangrove growth, but rather different grass species. Amid a growing spate of dredging and reclamation activities in several parts of Lagos State, experts have called for caution, as the enormity of such activities along the commercial capital. The law confers the mandate to implement it on the Federal Ministry of Environment (FMEnv) in accordance with this law. The African Development Bank, Africa Union and Africa50 launched the Alliance during COP27 last November with global partners: the African Union Development Agency, the. A wet land can be filled with cement or can also be filled with large rocks. Anthropogenic activities around the coast is detrimental to its sustainability because of the addition of pollutants and contaminants [5]. Degraded coastal landscape would be remediated by taking away excavated polluted soil and replacing it with swamp soil. Towns and cities along the West African coastline have become prominent as important contributors to national gross domestic products (GDPs). 5. Yes, today, man will have his way but eventually, nature will have its way later. Conversion of coastal environment to terrestrial area through deforestation and solidification to terrestrial environment in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. The provisions of the EIA Act No. 2002 NYS Reclamation award . Landscape reclamation is. Population increase has led to the migration of people towards the coastal locations. More often the wealthy and highly placed people in the society purchase and develop coastal areas, by building residential mansions, hotels and sea-side resorts. This system is usually used when the sea bed is shallow. Oil and gas exploration is the main exploratory activity that occurs in the Niger Delta region. An example of this pattern of landscape reclamation is found in a place called Eagle Island, Niger Delta where the mangrove forests were cut down and sand filled and later the area was used for developmental project (Figure 6). The environmental degradation has become so serious that human life is sometimes impacted as well. A conceptualized reclamation pattern in coastal communities in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. Sand filling of the coasts lead to the burial of millions of species. Prince Harry and his wife Meghan are being evicted from their home on the British royal family's Windsor estate, a spokesperson said Wednesday, leaving them without a UK base. As a result, offshore systems such as coral reefs and eel grass beds are readily degraded. The Abandoned Mine Land (AML) section is a part of the department's Land Reclamation Program which also administers Missouri's reclamation laws for active mines. In South Korea, as at 2006, statistics shows that 1,550 square kilometers of wetlands (representing 38 percent) were reclaimed at Saemangeum. Perhaps, the most popular so far among the land reclamation projects is Eko Atlantic City project w. hich kick started in 2008. The aim of acquiring land varies, but is mainly for possession and or production of goods and services to satisfy socio-economic and socio-cultural needs. Gracefield Island is another new joint project between the Lagos state government and Gravitas Investment Limited and it is expected to cover 100 hectares of land of the Lagos lagoon at the Northern end of the Chevron Way and the Northern Offshore of the Ajiran Land. Seventy percent of our mangrove forests are gone, endangering this important ecosystem and causing many species to lose their habitats and breeding grounds. It also changes the coastal structure and lead to flooding of upland areas. Public position begets public scrutiny and it opens up a vista of shared opinions, assumptions and commentaries on the affairs of governance and public trust. Battery Park City is atop sand shipped from Staten Island. Jakarta, the fastest sinking city in the world, made a plan in 2014 to tackle rising sea levels and subsidence. These areas dominate the hinter land and are often reclaimed and sand filled to expand their economic potential. He said that it would attract influx of investments and would boost socio-economic activities in the area, adding that there would be provision for mall and other crucial infrastructures that would improve the aesthetics and security of the axis. Land in the Niger Delta area is in large demand because of traditional and cultural beliefs attached to the possession of land [1]. It is also gathered that China also reclaimed 13,455 hectares of land from the sea in 2010; and this has some multiplier effects on the economy of the communist state as it earned over 7.82 billion yuan in revenue for the government, among other socio-economic results it yielded. This occurs during off-shore drilling in mangrove swamps. More than a thousand acres of land was to be created by building a seawall more than 6km in length with. Thus mangroves are natural land reclaimers. Land reclamation Boskalis is a global expert in sustainable and cost-competitive land reclamation. This could lead to the reduction in species composition and diversity of aquatic resources. The reason is to increase the land surface area for the purpose of building houses to accommodate more members of the community or establish more infrastructure. It is the result of abiotic (physical and chemical) and biotic agents of change. This includes zooplankton, phytoplankton, benthic organisms and fisheries. Land is regarded in this area as the best form of asset investment because of the prestige attached to its ownership. The average temperature in Nigeria is 28 degrees Celsius or 82.4 degrees Fahrenheit. Land can either be physical or economic. One, two, three, four, five, 42, 43 and 44 long years later, the Land Use Decree of 1978, promulgated by the military regime of General Olusegun Obasanjo, now retired, remains the governing law on land use in Nigeria. Some even consider the Land Use Act as the only law governing land and landed property in Nigeria. Thus, village land would be held in trust and apportioned by the chief. Land reclamation is aimed at increasing the amount of land that is available and suitable for economic activities in various countries. Mangroves are regarded as land forming organisms [10]. Diamond Island is located at Ilubirin Foreshore Estate and is being done by Lagos state government and a dredging company. According to him, the ideal way is for the Ministries of Waterfront Infrastructure Development and Physical Planning and Urban Development to lead a Lagos Lagoon Management Plan, a 30-year master plan that will detail the usage, preservation and envision what Lagos Lagoon will look like in the next three decades. This leads to the impairment of the health of aquatic and terrestrial organisms around the reclaimed area. Similarly, reckless and indiscriminate hunting in opened forest reduces population and thus reduces species diversity, which may lead to extinction of some species. Shrimp farming in particular has resulted to the conversion of large areas of mangroves. Landscape reclamation is intended for urban city expansion, road construction, housing project, crude oil exploration and sand mining. This is because of land expansion activities such as urban development. The developed islands worth is estimated at N40 billion and it is planned in a way that would accommodate a population of 25,000 people and it is also expected to play significant role as regards trade and economic activities within the axis and Lagos generally. A future gas plant is to be located at the beach adjacent to Edko Town in the eastern part of Abu Qir Bay. Luloff, James By Jamilah Mohd Salim, Maizatul Azwa Radzi, Sheriza M IntechOpen Limited Map of Niger Delta Nigeria (circled) bordering the Atlantic Ocean has the biggest mangrove forests in Africa. The economy is all about the desire for resources and land. The problem of this action is that the nipa palm forest after being cleared is repossessed by the government for infrastructural developments, which rather than reduce the negative effect worsen the situation of the coast. The Copernicus Sentinel-1 mission takes us over part of the Dutch province of Flevolandthe newest province in the Netherlands and one of the largest land reclamation projects in the world. The project descriptions include shoreline protection and reclamation activities of over 1, 000 hectare of land and construction of a mixed-use development in the city. The Missouri Department of Natural Resources is the administrative authority working through the Missouri Mining Commission. Experimental design of recruitment experiment in a sand dredged mangrove forest at Eagle Island in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. It is the responsibility of the Government to protect the land against illegal landscape reclamations. Answer this On the Ejigbo development, Dr. Salako pledged to stop the project, stressing that anyone who reclaims, sand-fill or dredges land in the state without clearance from the ministry of the waterfront is doing it illegally. 86 of 1992 govern the EIA process in Nigeria. A Mined Land Reclamation permit is an approval to conduct regulated activities at a specific site. Such administrative control of the land by the chief is referred to by But due to increase in population size through births and emigrations the town no longer has enough space to accommodate the increasing population. Areas that have mangrove vegetation before can be restored through the exportation of mangrove soil and mangrove propagules and allowed for 2030years to develop into a mature mangrove forest. I am saying this because I know several businessmen and a diplomat from Nigeria who were scammed. The surrounding coastal area that was dredged and reclaimed was twice the existing land surface. 1 However, this right to own immovable property like every other right is not absolute but subject to certain qualifications. Industry experts are also concerned with the level of compliance with existing Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Act No. Port-Harcourt, Warri and Lagos are at the sea level. Permits are issued by DEC for annual terms of up to five years and may be renewed. Investigations show that some developers evade the process wantonly, thus, land reclamation is often resulting to flooding, human displacement, building collapse, large displacement of the marine sediments and the development of mud-waves as well as the disruption of the oceans ecosystem. It is a regular progress or change by plant and animal due to natural or anthropogenic disturbances. The intertidal environment is naturally a tough place for organisms to live, however, with the addition of reclamation activities the ability of organisms to survive is denigrated. CTRL + SPACE for auto-complete. Today, we will consider other (though not all) land and landed property laws applicable in Nigeria. The key to understanding Lagos, Africa's most populous city, is in the water. Re: List Of Igbo Towns In Nigeria. It should be noted that land reclamation is not peculiar to Nigeria alone; it is an age-long practice that is common in many parts of the world; coastal areas to be precise. The marine coastal ecosystem is made up of different zones. Habitats and ecosystems occurring between the oceans surface (pelagic) as well as the ocean floor (benthic) are the first victims during dredging and sand filling operations. Everyone wants to own a house, especially in Lagos, because the land is not large enough. Probably half of The Netherlands is a reclaimed land from the sea. The method is a natural recovery and a passive method of accomplishing restoration. Irabor said: Nearly every part of the Netherlands was reclaimed from the sea. "Land reclamation kills mangroves, seagrass and corals. Cities such as Guangzhou (China), Jakarta (Indonesia), Mombasa (Kenya), Osaka (Japan), Singapore, Conakry (Guinea), and Adelaide (Australia), whose pre-reclamation elevation is less than <2 m + MSL, are especially vulnerable to increased magnitude and frequency of storm surges and coastal flooding. We basically try to establish new habitat type because we cannot establish historic ecosystem. The conversion of a coastal environment to a terrestrial environment is absolute and cannot be reversed. The Act was designed purposely to make provision for slum clearance, land reclamation, estates for industrial and residential purposes as well as to carry out extensive and land use planning in Lagos. This situation had led to the loss of many species. Industries also flock around coastal areas because of the ease of transportation of goods and equipments. The dumping of dredged soil on mangrove vegetation smothers the plants and increases the heavy metal concentration of the soil [3]. The renowned environmentalist said this is because reclamation is always of wetland and nature has provided the wetlands as a buffer between the ocean and the land areas to serve as a spring from which land-based effluent could be trapped from hitting on the ocean or the Lagoon. Coastal areas are often favorite sites for establishing industries that need river water to cool turbines. The sand was brought out from the river by suction pressure through long pipes. Land is highly priced and many have died for its sake through fratricidal wars and communal clashes because of its scarcity. Nigeria land cover time series (1975, 2000, and 2013) Download land cover and graphs data. Not surprisingly, the country that is home to the largest population of the region also has by far the largest area under cultivation. Mangrove vegetation is the dominant species found at the interface between the land and the sea.
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