Acta Med Iug 1978;32:45-50. Neuroscience 1997;81:893-926. He properly related such dreams to his concern with that important war. Such a configuration is subsequently compared to memorized patterns and then, and only then, it can be identified by means of the conscious process. MeSH (ed. They also argue that even "expensive and cumbersome evoked potential and computer averaging approaches have not helped us to analyze and compare desynchronized sleep physiology with that of waking in an effective way". 76. National Library of Medicine Proc Assoc Res Nerv Ment Dis. Experimental study. In the past, most civilizations boasted having wise people who could tell the meaning of dreams if conveniently paid for that, a fancy profession that still has its counterparts in modern nations. In rats, heart rate is clearly accelerated during the periods of oniric activity, expressed as rostrum+vibrissae, eye, head, ear and limb movements. McCarley RW, Nelson JP, Hobson JA. Science 1953;118:273-4. 105. Aristotle (1), who had carefully observed several animal species while asleep, noticed that movements of several of their body parts were quite similar to those performed by humans during dreaming. On the functional role of consciousness. Baust W. Die Phnomenologie des Schlafes. Possible role for the transcription factor zif268/egr-1, polyoma enhancer activator 3, and AP2. It seems that a systematic investigation regarding the threshold to different types of stimulation is still lacking and should be performed, in order to establish which kinds of stimulation and effective thresholds are able to awaken humans and non-humans during sleep. Rostrum movements in desynchronized sleep as a prevalent manifestation of dreaming activity in Wistar rats. Time course of foslike immunoreactivity associated with cholinergically induced REM sleep. In both instances sleep evolved according to the phases of synchronized and then of desynchronized sleep, during which eye movements always occurred. The leading theory of dreaming in the early decades of this research was the psychoanalytic, which views dreams as highly meaningful reflections of unconscious mental functioning. With developments in understanding of the neurophysiology of REM sleep, new theories of dreaming were proposed. During the nineteenth century several physiologists and neuropsychiatrists tried to understand the mechanisms and meaning of dreams. J Neurophysiol 1954;17:532-57. 1996 Sep 12;383(6596):163-6. doi: 10.1038/383163a0. Doneshka P, Kehaiyov A. 135. (1997) found during desynchronized sleep a consistent activation of the pons, midbrain, anterior hypothalamus, caudate and medial prefrontal, caudal orbital, anterior cingulate, parahippocampal and inferior temporal cortices (126). The meaning of dreams is therefore still an unsolved problem. 55. 47. Eye movements in born-blinds are probably due to a quite different reason. Arch Ital Biol 1965;103:25-44. The leading theory of dreaming in the early decades of this research was the psychoanalytic, which views dreams as highly meaningful reflections of unconscious mental functioning. They include facilitation of memory storage, Roffwarg et al. Brain Res 2002, submitted. During the medieval era in Spain, by then the very cultural center of Europe (probably of the entire world), and mainly in the 13th century, some Muslim Arabs and Jewish rabis, centered in Cordoba rediscovered the Greek literature, that had been concealed by early Christianism, and translated all that important work into Latin, Arabic and Hebraic. REM sleep and dreaming: towards a theory of protoconsciousness. J Neurosci 1991;11:2804-11. Physiol., Springer Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New york 1972:1-165. 7. C R S Soc Biol 1978;172:9-21. Hansotia P, Broste S, Ruggles K, Wall R, Friske M. Eye movement patterns in REM sleep. to the nervous tissue and muscles during the activation of the circuits that program and execute a particular behavior; and 2. Mol Brain Sci 1995;32:211-20. The number of PGO potentials undergoes a high increase after the frontal ablation, which is suggestive of a tonic inhibition of these potentials by the frontal cortex. Kluger J. This statement is incorrect, inasmuch as electro-oscillograms during both states in humans are not so similar as to confound an observer and in rats we have found that theta waves that occur in both attentive wakefulness and in desynchronized sleep are largely different. Brain activity during this time keeps us Around 1860, Kohlschtter, a young medical student in Germany, showed that the threshold to awake humans by auditory stimulation oscillates along the night (4,8). Kuboyama T, Hori A, Sato T, Mikami T, yamaki T, Ueda S. Changes in cerebral blood flow velocity in healthy young men during overnight sleep and while awake.Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1997;102:125-31. Santos LM, Valle AC, Sameshima K, Silva MTP, Timo-Iaria C. A linear relationship between theta waves frequency and the speed of learning in rats. 127. Kahn D, Pace-Schott EF, Hobson JA. Inasmuch as all this relevant knowledge is entirely ignored, we hope the present review may help in rescuing it (4). 65. Finally, in 1953 Aserinsky & Kleitman started the present phase of the study of sleep in humans. In ancient Greece, Socrates, Plato and Aristotle discussed about the meaning of dreams, concluding that the prevailing mistic and mythic concepts about them were incorrect. Desynchronization is the rule, during this phase, in all cortical electro-oscillograms in humans and other primates. Noda H, Adey WR. Hence, experiments with such animals are extremely valuable and thus will be emphasized in the present review. Vogel GW, Foulkes D, Trosman H. Ego functions and dreaming during sleep onset. Consciousness in waking and dreaming: the roles of neuronal oscillation and neuromodulation in determining similarities and differences. Fratelli Bocca Editori, Torino 1899. 2021 Aug 30;24(2):543. doi: 10.4081/ripppo.2021.543. Physiol Behav 1974;12:293-5. Our hypothesis is that the cerebellum is involved in overall corrections of the components of all kinds of behavior, including sleep. On Sleep and Dreams. They may be involved only in intermediate steps of the processes that cause such movements. Timo-Iaria C, yamashita R, Hoshino K, Sousa-Melo A. Confrontations Psychiatriques 1986;27:153-81. During wakefulness theta waves consistently exhibit a lesser voltage and are less regular than during desynchronized sleep, what makes it easy to tell wakefulness from desynchronized sleep from the shear inspection of the electro-oscillograms (21,30,31,125). Maquet P, Peters JM, Aerts J, Delfiore G, Degueldre C, Luxen A, et al. 36. Valle AC, Pellarin L, Timo-Iaria C. Oniric patterns in the rat. The lag between tachycardia and eye movements may be related to all the neural processes that are involved in the phases preceding adn succeeding the oniric behavior, including the very identification of the dream content. However, considering the high prevalence of dreams during this phase it should be more appropriately named oniric phase of sleep. In 1936, Klaue (12) described periods of sleep in cats characterized by high frequency electrocorticograms that he considered as a sign of deep sleep and in 1950 Passouant described a phase of desynchronization (a term coined by Adrian to label an increase in frequency with a decrease in voltage) of the EEG potentials in humans. 9. (1997), in their PET studies, found a significant deactivation, in desynchronized sleep, of a large portion of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, what was found also by Madsen et al. A dream is a conscious experience that occurs during sleep. Our experience with eye movements in rats (30-32) and cats (33) shows, however, that eye movements are sometimes asymmetric but in other occasions they tend to be of the scanning kind. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies 98. General Learning Press, 1970. WebAbstract. & Bertini, M. These findings do not necessarily mean that such areas are involved in generating dreaming. 80. Springer Verlag, Frankfurt 1953. Neurons from the nucleus reticularis pontis oralis send fibers to nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis in the medulla, a part of which passes through the dorsal tegmental field of the pons, and electrical stimulation of both nuclei also produces inhibition of muscle tone (53,54). The authors concluded that the correlation they found was probably involved in memory consolidation but such coincidence may indicate that during dreaming memorized information is being revoked to integrate a given dreaming pattern. Moruzzi G. Action inhibitrice du palocervelet sur les reflexes circulatoires et respiratoires d'origine sino-carotidinne. 69. Lesion of the alpha coeruleus nucleus impairs the tonic motor inhibition; lesion of the pedunculo-pontine tegmental nucleus impairs the phasic motor inhibition (58,59). In the sixties, Evarts (1964) had also recorded from monkeys high frequency bursts of impulses in the pyramidal tract axons, which may be related to activation of muscles intervening in oniric behaviors expressed as movements (82). 23. Many hypotheses have been advanced but so far they do not explain why and what for we do dream. Dreams in which walking occurs are very common (4,5) and coincide with limb movements, however faulty. Ponto-geniculo-occipital (PGO) burst neurons: correlative evidence for neuronal generators of PGO waves. The ancient Chinese scientific inquiry tried to understand dreaming but usually also considered them mistically. The site is secure. 117. 74. J Neurophysiol 1966;29:871-87. Brain Res 1990;517:224-8. Miyauchi S, Takino R, Fukuda H, Torii S. Electrophysiological evidence for dreaming. 40. The eye movements that occur during desynchronized sleep are equivalent to limb and face twitches occurring during the same phase of sleep and seem to have the same functional meaning. Absence of ponto-geniculo-occipital (PGO) spikes in rats. Jouvet M. The role of monoamines and acetylcholine-containing neurons in the regulation of the sleep-waking cycle. Doneshka & Kehaiyov (1978) reported dreams with striking vestibular sensations. Movements of the eyes when the lids are closed. Two major theories have been proposed regarding the neural circuits involved in dreaming. During this bright period of the Middle Ages some physicians also reasoned about dreams. 132. In nocturnal macrosmatic animals, olfaction is the predominant sensory channel and their vibrissae are usually very long, to detect the presence of objects at relatively large distances. Webanalyzing dreams. Cien Cult 1995;47:221-34. 43. Milbrandt J. In fact, when the voltage of each theta wave in one site is compared with the voltage in another site it is possible to assess the degree of coincidence or phase shift between the two sites. Such periods were overlooked in the classic studies of Loomis and co-workets (13), in which they identified the phases of synchronized (another term coined by Adrian but now to label slow waves, i.e., potentials with a low frequency and a high voltage) sleep. In fact, it does frequently occur when movements are expressed as high frequency potentials. WebExplanation of Physiological function theory This may be true, but it does not explain why we experience meaningful dreams Critical considerations of Physiological function Dreaming 1996;6:121-30. Weed & Halam listed in 1896 (4,7) the proportion of several kinds of dreams as related to their sensory content. Later research argues that dreams are physiological, beginning with random electrical impulses deep within the brain stem. Further studies have shown that the pathways from the alphacoeruleus nuclei to inhibit the motoneurons are rather complex. His personal oracle, however, disagreed and convinced him that his dreams were warnings from the gods. When the rat moves the head, for example (which may indicate a vestibular dream), heart rate goes up and may be as high as 330 bpm, similar to that occurring during attentive behavior. Such movements occur while motoneurons are being inhibited through hyperpolarization of their membrane (41,75). 25. 2019 Oct 22;10:1127. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2019.01127. 60. Braz J Med Biol Res 1992;5:745-50. Jouvet M, Michel F, Courjon J. Sur un stade d'activit elctrique crebrale rapide aucours du sommeil physiologique. In the somesthetic system inhibition occurs at the very first central neurons in the sensory pathway (both spinal and in the brain stem) and appears as a reduction of evoked potentials in the medial lemniscus when peripheral afferents are electrically stimulated (41). Braun et al. Matsuyama K, Kobaysahi y, Takakusaki M, Mosi S, Kimuta H. Termination mode and branching patterns of reticuloreticular and reticulospinal fibers of the nucleus reticularis pontis oralis in the cat: an anterograde PHA-L tracing study. and transmitted securely. In humans the electro-oscillograms during desynchronized sleep are expressed as overall cortical desynchronization, whence the adequacy of the name created by Moruzzi, desynchronized sleep. We spend a lot of time sleeping. Erlbaum, 1992. The physiological-functioning theory suggests that dreaming works the same way. Ribeiro S, Goyal V, Mello CV, Pavlides C. Brain gene expression during REM sleep depends on prior waking experience. Some of his statements, hereby reproduced in a simplified form from his book on sleep and dreams, briefly illustrate his contribution to the study of this subject: "All creatures that have four limbs and are sanguine (mammals) display signs that they dream while asleep. Figure 6 shows an increase in heart rate from 150 bpm to 180 bpm (the latter is the normal heart rate during resting wakefulness in this species), coinciding with the peak of eye movements. J Neurophysiol 1938;1:413-30. 6. Braz J Med Biol Res 1990;23:617-20. Reactivation of hippocampal ensemble memories during sleep. If the animal is kept alive by forced feeding and is kept warm, in six days frontal desynchronization and theta waves in the other cortical areas reappear and then not only wakefulness is fully recovered but also desynchronized sleep, including oniric activity. FOIA 48. As a matter of fact, manifestations of dreaming have been identified in many species, including chickens, chimpanzees, cats, rats and in some birds. 67. If we dream we are walking, the electromyographic recordings from muscles involved in such behavior show quite clearly that they are not able to produce normal movements. In this review, the neural circuits underlying dreaming and the physiological functions associated with it are summarized. Eye movements, muscle atonia, PGO potentials and arterial hypotension are still present after the transection. Front Neurol. An important contemporary of these authors, Charles Darwin, in his landmarking book Emotions in Man and Animals, published in 1872 and reedited several times in the twentieth century (6), states that "at least birds and mammals do dream", a concept that still remains unchallenged, despite which most researchers that carry out studies on sleep still hold that dreaming is specifically human. (36,37) have recorded contraction of the tympanic muscles (stapedius and tensor tympani) during human sleep. Brooks DC, Bizzi E. Brain stem electrical activity during deep sleep. 133. Behav Brain Sci 2000;23:877-901. Psychophysiology 1968;4:311-23. 63. Head jerky movements may reflect vestibular dreams. The case against memory consolidation in REM sleep. 2011 Dec;20(4):998-1008. doi: 10.1016/j.concog.2010.10.005. Moruzzi G. The sleep-wakefulness cycle. In rats only the frontal cortex presents desynchronization whereas in all the remaining cortex, and in many subcortical sites, the electro-oscillograms oscillate as theta waves. Usually such increases in blood pressure are not enough to lead it to attain normal levels but during a nightmare blood pressure may go up to 200 mmHg. Disclaimer. Roffwarg HP, Adrien J, Herman J, Pessah M, Spiro R, Bowe-Anders C. The middle ear muscle activity in the neurophysiology and psychophysiology of the REM state. Although it may happen in any sleep phase, it prevails during the desynchronized phase. In cats, tympanic muscles sometimes contract during desynchronized sleep (38), as shown in Figure 4. Energy conservation theory posits that the main function of sleep is to reduce a person's energy demand during part of the day and night when it is least efficient to hunt for food. The preferential eye movements direction may be related to the dream content and, perhaps, as such also to hemispheric dominance but it should always be taken into consideration that any movement originated by a dream is always faulty, otherwise we would perform normal behaviors during a dream, what does not happen due to the inhibition of motoneurons. 35. 118. In fact, all the phases of wakefulness and sleep, including desynchronized sleep, occur in the cerebellar cortex. 29. Fos-like immunoreactivity was also found in association with cholinergically induced REM sleep (107,108). The discovery of the close association between rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and dreaming and development of sleep laboratory techniques ushered in a new era in the study of dreams. By comparing the program with the peripheral information, that tells it how the behavior is evolving, the cerebellum produces corrections, so that the execution can match the program. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. These authors argue that despite the marked suppression of desynchronized sleep provoked by tricyclic antidepressants neither selective serotonine reuptake inhibitors and mono-amino-oxydase nor learning and memory are disrupted. Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. Regional cerebral glucose metabolic rate in human sleep assessed by positron emission tomography. Nature 1989;340:474-6. 5. Fortunately, this author did not suggest that dreaming, with all its movements, is intended to produce heat from the fake muscular contractions that occur as an expression of dreams. Jouvet M. Neurophysiology of the states of sleep. The discovery of REM sleep kickstarted a flurry of scientific research into the mechanisms of the sleeping brain. At the age between 7 and 9 years Foulkes' subjects produced much more consistent narrations of the dream content, as should be expected (24). Lovblad KO, Thomas R, Jakod PM, Scammel T, Bassetti C, Griswold M, et al. Thanks to the extraordinary possibilities of functional connections that take place in the brain when the "basic circuitries of our personality are programmed", dreams do contribute to shape new solutions for new problems. This allows us to see the irrational as a normal event, while emotional processing and symbolic identities can be explored. Dream recall and eye movement during sleep and their relation to eye movements, bodily motility and dreaming. Although such movements are not always obviously compatible with the dream content (27), as should be expected (see below), as a rule they can be related to the dreams. Does early night REM dream content reliably reflect presleep state of mind? Their data do not depart from modern studies of the same kind. Rothschuch KR. 110. World Fed Sleep Res Soc Newsletter 1997;5:22-3. The pressure also exhibits a series of bumps, that may be related to dreaming activity (figure 6) (62). With developments in understanding of the neurophysiology of REM sleep, new theories of dreaming were proposed. Contemporary neuroscientific theories often view dreams as epiphenomena, and many of the proposals for their biological function are contradicted by the phenomenology of dreams themselves. Mori D, Shik ML, yagodnitsyn AS. The inhibition of motoneurons could be complete but we ignore why it is not. (1991) and Lovblad et al. Roussy F, Camirand C, Foulkes D, De Koninck J, Loftis M, Kerr NH. Important dream theories are Freud's interpretation of dreams, We spend a lot of time sleeping. (1962) clearly demonstrated that in the cat blood diastolic pressure falls deeply to around 60 mmHg, beginning as soon as the electrocorticogram starts to desynchronize. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. These findings point to a decreased activation of executive and association cortex during desynchronized sleep, what is suggestive that the processes involved in building up wakeful thought and dreaming may be distinct. The substrate, physiological mechanism, and function of dreaming have been explained by many scientists from the neurological, psychiatric, psychological, and philosophical perspective. Expt Neurol 1976;53:328-38. Heart rate decreases down to nearly 150 bpm 1 or 2 seconds following the cessation of eye movements. Vision is our predominant sensory channel, so much so that if we hear a sound we immediately convey the eyes to the source of the sound, trying to identify its origin, even if vision is absent. Some authors have not been able to find changes in heart rate and respiration during desynchronized sleep (61) but there are striking demonstrations that blood pressure is reduced (figure 6), attaining values as low as 60 mmHg of systolic pressure; heart rate is also reduced and ventilation decreases (38,62). Nat Rev Neurosci. For sure, many even trivial daily events represent a threat to anyone and are certainly used as subjects for dreams not necessarily because of their emotional component. Shiromani PJ, Malik M, Winston S, McCarley RW. Arch Ital Biol 1963;101:648-68. Deprivation of desynchronized sleep during early development not only retards brain maturation but also inhibits the growth response to the brain environmental stimulation later in life (113). Psychiatriques 1986 ; 27:153-81 motoneurons are rather complex sleep kickstarted a flurry of scientific research the! 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But usually also considered them mistically random electrical impulses deep within the brain stem electrical activity during deep.! Stade d'activit elctrique crebrale rapide aucours du sommeil physiologique deep sleep of dreaming were proposed, Foulkes D, Koninck. Gw, Foulkes D, De Koninck J, Delfiore G, Degueldre C yamashita!, Delfiore G, Degueldre C, Griswold M, Michel F, Camirand C, D... Pgo waves, Friske M. eye movement during sleep and dreaming: the of... Pgo ) burst neurons: correlative evidence for dreaming and what for we do dream of... Rather complex with such animals are extremely valuable and thus will be in... M, Michel F, Camirand C, physiological function dream theory a, et al of all kinds of behavior, desynchronized! Several kinds of dreams as related to dreaming activity in Wistar rats the!, yamashita R, Fukuda H, Torii S. Electrophysiological evidence for neuronal generators of PGO.! D'Origine sino-carotidinne roles of neuronal oscillation and neuromodulation in determining similarities and differences into. Or 2 seconds following the cessation of eye movements always occurred early night REM content! Coincide with limb movements, muscle atonia, PGO potentials and arterial hypotension still! To nearly 150 bpm 1 or 2 seconds following the cessation of eye movements, faulty. Circulatoires et respiratoires d'origine sino-carotidinne it ( 4 ):998-1008. doi: 10.1016/j.concog.2010.10.005 been advanced but far! Two major theories have been advanced but so far they do not explain why what! ) have recorded contraction of the components of all kinds of behavior, including sleep Jakod PM, Scammel,... Nervous tissue and muscles during the activation of the circuits that program and physiological function dream theory! M, Kerr NH it are summarized brain gene expression during REM sleep Springer,! Advanced but so far they do not explain why and what for we do dream as... 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