Postural control (neutral spine, centralization of the GH joint, proper scapular setting) during static and dynamic conditions. obturator externus Sensorimotor Contribution to Shoulder Joint Stability, in The Athletes Shoulder. One of the largest of these muscles is the latissimus dorsi, a . Please keep us informed like this. 22-year-old Division I football athlete presents to the orthopedic clinic with difficulty initiating abduction in his right arm. Scapular retraction during the bench press is important to maximize safety and performance. Thank you for sharing. However, this technique is not advised for anyone who is new to exercise or has high blood pressure. supraspinatus Blood supply of the supraspinatus: The suprascapular artery delivers blood to the supraspinatus muscle. This may be due to a mechanical disadvantage because the elbows tend to move more laterally through the sticking point (Gomo & Van den Tilaar, 2015). (d) In Section we saw earlier , it is said that the coefficient of the exponentially increasing function inside the barrier is usually small. Shoulder impingement syndrome (SIS) was found to account for 44% to 65% of overall shoulder pain (Windt et al., 1995). The adductor muscles are the antagonists of the abductors and include the latissimus dorsi, the pectoralis major and the teres major, along with several accessory muscles. Assist by: supinator, pronator teres Clavicle retraction contributes to 100% of scapular external and the clavicle elevation contributes to about 75% of scapular anterior tilt and 25% of scapular upward rotation of the scapula. For example; weakness with the serratus anterior and lower trapezius muscle, and/or an over activation of the upper trapezius muscle, scapular downward rotators overactivity for a long time all affect the scapula upward rotation and you can find scapula on anterior tipping. Other experts recommend a position in which the elbows are close to the body, especially for those who have a history of shoulder pain or injury. Muscle pull rather than push. agonist: illiopsoas Sep-Oct;26(5):732-42.Gomo, O., & Tillaar, R. (2015). The Affect of Grip Width on Bench Press Performance and Risk of Injury. Why Should Runners Add Strength Training? Change). During the lifting phase, your biceps muscle is considered the agonist muscle. Manual therapy, Kinesiologic considerations for targeting activation of scapulothoracic muscles: part 1: serratus anterior, Kinesiologic considerations for targeting activation of scapulothoracic musclespart 2: trapezius, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YbbzQs7OBoY, Scapular and rotator cuff muscle activity during arm elevation: a review of normal function and alterations with shoulder impingement, Joseph B. Myers, Ji-Hye Hwang, Maria R. Pasquale, J. Not only can we verify equation we saw earlier, but we can also see what the functions inside the barrier are doing. agonist: infraspinatus The physician successfully reduced his dislocation, but patient continues to present with weakness abducting his shoulder greater than 15 degrees. White Lion Athletics. You have done a formidable job and our entire community will be thankful to you. So glad you found this helpful, Mardis! A Biomechanical Analysis of the Bench Press. However, because of the vast range of motion of the shoulder complex (the most mobile joint of the human body), dynamic stabilizers are crucial for a strong sense of neuromuscular control throughout all movements and activities involving the upper extremities. Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies, 19(2), 362-369. doi:10.1016/j.jbmt.2014.11.019Buitrago, S., Wirtz, N., Yue, Z., Kleinder, H., & Mester, J. Then, write down the smoothness conditions. Instead emphasis is placed on the smaller muscles (triceps brachii, anterior deltoid, upper chest) and as a result may not be ideal to develop maximal strength or muscular size. The teres minor's function is to externally rotate the upper arm at the shoulder joint. 2002;92(6):230918. coracobrachialis, SCM For example, the anterior arm muscles cause elbow flexion. For example, to extend the leg at the knee, a group of four muscles called the quadriceps femoris in the anterior compartment of the thigh are activated (and would be called the agonists of leg extension at the knee). INSERT FIGURE LIKE FOCUS FIGURE 10.1c IN MARIEB-11E. Thank you Gralion! Lack of mobility of the upper extremity, cervical and thoracic neurological tissues (nerve flossing exercises as needed). Brian Sutton is a 20-year veteran in the health and fitness industry, working as a personal trainer, author, and content manager. The glenohumeral, or shoulder, joint is a synovial joint that attaches the upper limb to the axial skeleton. (c) Do the reflection and transmission probabilities given by your results agree with the general formulas we saw earlier? Although a number of muscles may be involved in an action, the principal muscle involved is called the prime mover, or agonist. Moosmosis, Sacred Figs Facts and Symbolism of Trees in Dreams Moosmosis, Primary Biliary Cholangitis vs Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis: PBC vs PSC Moosmosis, The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald: Wealth Literary Analysis and Symbolism Essay Character Analysis, American Dream, Green Light, and his Love for Daisy Moosmosis, Health Care and Types of Health Insurance: Fee-for-Service vs EPO vs HMO vs PPO vs Point-of-Service Moosmosis, Greek God Apollo Facts & Mythology: Who was Apollo the God of? SA produces this movement by acting on the scapula, It can maintain scapulothoracic upward rotation within the entire range of arm elevation, and also contributes to external rotation and post tilting of the scapula. This is important to note, as they tend to have a similar inferior line of pull[10] and with the summation of the three force vectors of rotator cuff, they nearly offset the superior translation of humeral head, created by the deltoid muscle. Read more, Physiopedia 2023 | Physiopedia is a registered charity in the UK, no. Joe Miller started writing professionally in 1991. Because the elastic assistance of the stretch reflex ends very quickly, it creates added burden for the prime movers to move the weight. She has difficulty abducting her right arm past 100 degrees after surgery removing a tumor in her right breast. anterior deltoid, Intertransversarii Lateralis In this case, use an elevated surface such as weight plates or short steps as foot rests near the end of the bench. There are some variations of the bench press exercise including the close-grip bench press, wide-grip bench press, incline bench press, decline bench press, dumbbell chest press, bench press with bands, and reverse-grip bench press. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2020 Jan-. Agonist - A muscle or muscle group that is described as being primarily responsible for a specific joint movement when contracting. It is responsible for the initiation of arm abduction and is in control of the motion up to the first 15 degrees of abduction. pectinous Teres major function depends on rhomboids activity as scapular retractormuscles that stabilize the scapula on the thoracic wall during adduction and extension of the GH joint to downward rotate the scapula, and without sufficient stability teres major will upward rotate instead of downward rotation. The stability of the shoulder joint, like any other joint in the body depends, on both static and dynamic stabilizers. The Lymphatic and Immune System, Chapter 26. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics; 2000:3751. Several muscles can abduct the shoulder. Neuromuscular implications and applications of resistance training; 1995. p. 26474. Supraspinatus abducted the shoulder from (0-15), and has an effective role as a shoulder stabilizer muscle by keeping the humeral head pressed medially against the glenoid cavity this stability function allows supraspinatus to contribute with deltoid in shoulder abduction. The anterior deltoids are the muscles that run along the front side of the shoulders, and the triceps brachii are the muscles on the outside of the upper arms. FIGURE OF ISOLATED TRICEPS BRACHII. Helen promised that if Kelly had another paroxysm when she heard the word "no," Helen would (a) Identify one example of Farquhar's distorted perceptions. teres minor, David N. Shier, Jackie L. Butler, Ricki Lewis, Charles Welsh, Cynthia Prentice-Craver, David Shier, Jackie Butler, Ricki Lewis, Human Anatomy Physiology Laboratory Manual Main Version. Stretch Reflex: The process in which a lengthening of a muscle is immediately followed by a rapid shortening of a muscle, creating a release of stored energy. That is very kind of you, Hassan. antagonist: adductor mangus, longus & brevis, piriformis Abduction and adduction strengths were measured at 30 degrees, 60 degrees, and 90 degrees abduction. One muscle of the pair contracts to move the body part, the other muscle in the pair then contracts to return the body part back to the original. The brachoradialis, in the forearm, and brachialis, located deep to the biceps in the upper arm, are both synergists that aid in this motion. Both antagonist and agonist muscles are used for stabilization. PMID: 30725950. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 11(2), 82-87.Duffey, M. (2008). 1. Phys Sportsmed. Effects of Different Volume-Equated Resistance Training Loading Strategies on Muscular Adaptations in Well-Trained Men. It's more active during arm elevation in abduction . From Figure 2 we can see three of the RC muscles (teres minor, subscapularis, infraspinatus), in relation to their anatomical position and their muscle fiber direction from origin to insertion. Elite athletes or powerlifters may perform the Valsalva maneuver during the bench press. > Inhale during the lowering (eccentric) phase of the exercise. Effectiveness of the eccentric exercise therapy in physically active adults with symptomatic shoulder impingement or lateral epicondylar tendinopathy: a systematic review. Retrieved September 18, 2015, from https://etda.libraries.psu.edu/paper/8894/4230.Elliott, B., Wilson, G., & Kerr, G. (1989). > Press the barbell back up to the starting position by extending the elbows and contracting the chest. During a shoulder press, the anterior deltoids are primarily used during the first half of the movement, while the triceps are primarily used during the second half of the movement to reach lockout. (b) Atomic radius. Fast-Twitch Vs. Slow-Twitch Muscle Fiber Types + Training Tips, The 9 Best Arm Exercises for Muscle Definition & Strength, By Brian Sutton, MA, MS, CSCS, NASM-CPT, CNC, CES, PES, Resting Metabolic Rate: How to Calculate and Improve Yours, Spring Clean Your Sleep A Guide to Better Napping, No Excuses: Avoid These Diet Pitfalls in 2023, How to Keep Your Bodybuilding Clients Accountable. Rather, the purpose of this article is to provide an overview of the movement requirements and recommendations for the average fitness enthusiast to maximize safety and performance. Neuromuscular control in this context, can be understood as the unconscious activation of dynamic restraints occurring in preparation for, and in response to, joint motion and loading for the purpose of maintaining functional joint stability.[1] Dynamic restraints result from neuromuscular control over the shoulder muscles, facilitated through motor control and proprioceptive input. Complete the sentence in a way that shows you understand the meaning of the italicized vocabulary word. Performing these exercises (with a light load) may improve motor learning and quicken the time it takes to learn proper technique. Preserve the natural curvature of the lumbar spine (low-back) throughout the entire lift. NCBI. The sticking period in a maximum bench press. The role of the sensoriomotor system in the athletic shoulder. Many muscles are involved in the joint actions listed above. TFL, gluteus maximus You use the pectoralis major in a pushup or a dumbbell fly. antagonist: lats & posterior deltoid, upper trap This website really has all of the info I wanted about this subject and didnt know who to ask. During abduction of the lateral deltoid, the shoulder joint moves downward to accommodate the arm's outward movement. Scapular retraction also limits protraction and anterior tilting of scapulae (rounding the shoulders forward) during the exercise (Duffey, 2008). InRotator Cuff Tea, Shoulder impingement: biomechanical considerations in rehabilitation. The sticking point is not the same location for everyone yet researchers have concluded it usually takes place about 0.2 seconds after the initial upward movement, and lasts about 0.9 seconds (Van den Tilaar & Ettema, 2013). Continue with Recommended Cookies. adductor mangus, longus & brevis A mnemonic memory aid to remember these four muscles responsible for aBducting the shoulder is: Super Dads Tickle Super Alpacas. Petoralis major Muscles are connected to bones by: Tendons In the Shoulder elbow movement lab, this muscle is the prime mover for forearm flexion of the arm at the elbow joint. Grasp the bar with the wrists positioned directly under the bar. Quadriceps. Moreover, the rhomboid muscles act eccentrically to control the change in the position of the scapula during arm elevation. > Aim to perform the exercise through a full range of motion unless mobility/flexibility deficits restrict motion or pain/pinching sensations are felt in the shoulder region. The strong action of serratus as a protractor/upward rotator needs an apposite force to control this movement (equally strong antagonist). No activity in the muscle (0) 2. Chapter 1. The teres major is a small muscle that assists the latissimus dorsi in its action of adducting the shoulder. By harnessing the stretch reflex, individuals will be able to maximize muscle recruitment during the concentric phase of the lift and subsequently the ability to lift heavier loads. agonist: hamstrings SIS may be defined as the mechanical c. Muscular Strength. [21], Exercises can be performed unilaterally, or bilaterally in unstable conditions involving an increased level of postural control (standing, planking, kneeling and laying on stability ball) and/or with external overload devices challenging motor-coordination (elastics, balls, dumbbells).[22]. Synergist Muscles Which nerve is most likely impacted? The best example is to have your arms straight by your sides and then lifting them up in the same plane as your chest, like doing a jumping jack. Latissimus Dorsi Middle trapezius: it has both a downward and upward moment arm arriving from the scapula. Journal of Human Kinetics, 8(38), 63-71. > Exhale during the lifting (concentric) phase. Haha, Pamela! For example, the teres major muscle, on the medial side of the arm causes shoulder abduction. serratus anterior Lindsay M. Biga, Sierra Dawson, Amy Harwell, Robin Hopkins, Joel Kaufmann, Mike LeMaster, Philip Matern, Katie Morrison-Graham, Devon Quick & Jon Runyeon, Next: 11.2 Explain the organization of muscle fascicles and their role in generating force, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. It pulls the humerus toward the scapula, adducting the shoulder. Fitness Lephart SM, Riemann BL, Fu FH. The primary joint actions that occur during the bench press include: Table 1 provides a list of involved musculature. semitendinosus The athlete contracts the antagonist isometrically against resistance provided by the therapist for 6-10 seconds. The teres minor and infraspinatus muscles are external rotators and participate in the clearing of the greater tubercle underneath the acromion during shoulder movements. Blood supply to the Deltoid is the posterior circumflex humeral artery.if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'moosmosis_org-large-leaderboard-2','ezslot_7',151,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-moosmosis_org-large-leaderboard-2-0'); Blood supply to the Trapezius is the Transverse Cervical Artery. illiopsoas A prominent muscle of the chest, it ties the sternum, cartilage of the upper ribs and the collarbone to the front of the upper arm. (Cp= 1kJ/kgK)1 \mathrm{~kJ} / \mathrm{kg}-\mathrm{K})1kJ/kgK), and 750kg750 \mathrm{~kg}750kg steel, all of which is at 20C20^{\circ} \mathrm{C}20C. The Cardiovascular System: Blood, Chapter 19. Serratus anterior. biceps femoris Regarding the location of the supraspinatus muscle, it is more superior than the other three rotator cuff muscles. For a short distance when t=0t=0t=0, its speed is then increased by at=(0.4t)m/s2a_t=(0.4 t) \mathrm{m} / \mathrm{s}^2at=(0.4t)m/s2, where ttt is in seconds. If you want to avoid elbow pain while benching, follow the link. What Muscles Does a Decline Bench Work Out? Penn State Hershey College of Medicine. He uses his shoulder abduction muscles! . Thank you Darnell! During forearm flexion, for examplelifting a cup, a muscle called the biceps brachii is the prime mover. Shoulder muscle activity and function in common shoulder rehabilitation exercises. Presence of tight muscles due to postural stress and neurological hyperactivity (such as the presence of trigger points). Overall, to rehabilitate the neuromuscular control of the shoulder complex, the therapist should focus on the following elements: Progression factors to consider to challenge the neuromuscular control of the shoulder complex: For more exercises for the rotator cuff complex: Myers, J.B., C.A. We and our partners use cookies to Store and/or access information on a device. GUStrength. Protein and Weight Loss: How Much Protein Do You Need to Eat Per Day? This position creates a stable base of support against the bench for the shoulders, decreases anterior forces through the shoulder complex particularly during the eccentric phase, and may improve activation of the pectoralis muscles (Duffey, 2008; Bench Press Analysis). This is not an all-inclusive list as the nervous system activates muscles in groups rather than in isolation. [5][20], Neuromuscular exercises typically focus on movement quality, as guided by the supervising physical therapists. Hes was an adjunct faculty member for California University Pennsylvania (2010-2018) teaching graduate-level courses in Corrective Exercise, Performance Enhancement, and Health and Fitness and currently serves as a Content and Production Manager for NASM. hip flexion. Forearm Flexion at the Elbow Joint Agonist: brachialis Both antagonist and agonist muscles are used for stabilization. All rights reserved. Transcribed image text: PHASE 3 Arm abduction at the shoulder Joint Complete the following steps: 1 Select Play to have the movement demonstrated 2 Label the antagonist and agonist for the movement demonstrated in the left view. There is also a theory that the neuromuscular bundle (nerves, veins, arteries) can also contribute to static stability. . They have a stabilization role during arm elevation; latissimus dorsi via its compression force to G.H joint, pectoralis major through higher going reaction force. Wassinger, and S.M. Lephart. The lateral deltoid located in the middle of the shoulder rotates the shoulder joint laterally (to the side) to lift your arm sideways from your body. 2000;35(3):35163. I appeared on the web for the problem and found this very helpful. Moosmosis, Greek God Hermes Facts & Mythology: Who was Hermes the God of? teres major. Normal Terms Agonist - the prime moving of a muscle in the movement Antagonist - the opposing muscle in the movement that opposes the actions of the agonist Synergist - muscles that act around the joint of the agonist's muscles Stabilizers - muscles that help support the joints and other structures during . agonist: quads Antagonists of the Shoulder Abductor Abducting your shoulder means lifting your arm out to the side. This position helps avoid hyperextension of the wrists. Upper part inserts into the clavicle and has no attachment to the scapula, middle attached to the acromion and spine of the scapula, and the lower part inserts into themedial base of the scapular spine. Fanelli, Matthew. Tibialis anterior. The dynamic stability of shoulder complex can be divided into: See the Physiopedia page on the Biomechanics of the Shoulder, for an in-depth exploration of accessory movements and the contributions of global movers and fine-tuning muscles of the shoulder complex. rhomboid minor. Appropriate strengthening of the shoulder dynamic stabilizer muscles and adequate neuromuscular control-patterns is crucial during rehabilitation as well as the prevention of shoulder injuries. A muscle that crosses the lateral side of a joint results in abduction, which results in the body part moving away from the midline of the body. Ann Plast Surg. Drawing-in and abdominal bracing activates the inner unit (transverse abdominis, multifidus, pelvic floor- muscles close to the spine) and global abdominal muscles (rectus abdominis, external obliques) offering greater spinal stability. adductor longus In addition, this position may be less aggravating for people with a history of shoulder pain because the eccentric phase requires less shoulder horizontal abduction and places a greater emphasis on sagittal plane shoulder extension. (2014). TFL Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health care provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition or treatment and before undertaking a new health care regimen, and never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read on this website. Your deltoid muscles are in your shoulder, which is the ball-and-socket joint that connects your arm to the trunk of your body. Trapezius (lower) The end of the muscle that attaches to the bone being pulled is called the muscles insertion and the end of the muscle attached to a fixed, or stabilized, bone is called the origin. Pectoralis major is a superficial muscle of the pectoral region and has a sternal and clavicular part. Contributes to a joint when contracting concentrically. illiopsoas antagonist: rectus abdominus, illiopsoas 91. Trapezius Privacy Notice/Your California Privacy Rights, Anatomy of Movement; Blandine Calais-Germain, Kinesiology of the Musculoskeletal System: Foundations for Rehabilitation; Donald A. Neumann. Keep the volume relatively low to avoid overtraining and unnecessary muscle soreness. Teres major has the same action of latissimus dorsi of adduction, extension, internal rotation. It will be beneficial to anybody who usess it, including yours truly :). . One repetition maximum bench press performance: A new approach for its evaluation in inexperienced males and females: A pilot study. The latissimus dorsi contributes to adduct and depress the scapula and shoulder complex with pectoralis major that adduct the shoulder. Several muscles can abduct the shoulder. Mechanical Load and Physiological Responses of Four Different Resistance Training Methods in Bench Press Exercise. Brachialis supraspinatus This may take the form of performing stretching techniques for the pectorals, deltoids, and latissimus dorsi and strengthening techniques for the rotator cuff and scapulae retractors (rhomboids, mid/lower trapezius). Work in cooperation with agonist muscles by relaxing and allowing movement. Movement and its agonist (top) and antagonist (bottom)muscles, Anterior deltoid For smooth synchronous movement of the shoulder complex we need the force couplings of the glenohumeral and scapulothoracic joints to work in a synched timing and adequate forces to offset each other. Free lessons and student opportunities. teres major Were so glad this helped. Full and pain free range of motion of the cervical and thoracic spine. The opposite, or antagonistic, action of bringing your arm toward the side of your body is called adduction. 2. When it contracts, it pulls the humerus toward the side of the body, as in the action of a pullup. There are also the periscapsular muscles[4], which are very important for homogeneous shoulder movements while avoiding biomechanical misalignments, such as a shoulder impingement. extensor carpi ulnaris muscles, flexor carpi radialis flexor carpi ulnaris Elite powerlifters may perform the lift with excessive lumbar extension (arched low-back), but this position is not advised for the general fitness enthusiast unless properly instructed, and the person has a specific goal to increase 1 repetition maximum performance. Dynamic stabilization during upper extremity movements is obtained by synergetic mechanisms of shoulder muscles co-contractions, appropriate positioning, control and coordination of the shoulder as well as the scapula-thoracic complex.[5][6]. A Comparison of Muscle Activity in Concentric and Counter Movement Maximum Bench Press. Rehabilitation should concentrate on the restoration of the normal biomechanical alignment of the shoulder complex (centralization of the GH joint, proper scapulothoracic gliding of the scapula) as well as restoring the proper force-coupling balance of the stabilizing muscles. Action. > Lie on a bench with your feet flat on the floor. The Shoulder Joint Manual of Structural Kinesiology R.T. Floyd, EdD, ATC, CSCS . 3. Directly above the teres major is the teres minor, one of the rotator cuff muscles. Transversospinalis multifidis Like Figure 10.15b in Marieb-11e. Lower trapezius: along with the serratus anterior muscle, they are a primary upward rotators of the scapula. implying that the function inside the barrier is essentially a decaying exponential. agonist: upper trap It also serves as a stabilizer of the humeral head, especially in instances ofcarrying a load. The role of instability with resistance training. Biomechanics of the rotator cuff: European perspective. Sports Health. The short head of the biceps, which runs from a prominence on the front of the scapula to the forearm, helps to adduct the shoulder, although its primary job is to flex the elbow and turn the palm up. It inserts at the greater tubercle of the humerus. Teres Major Triceps Brachii (Long Head), subscapularis Sports medicine. Antagonist muscles act as opposing muscles to agonists, usually contracting as a means of returning the limb to its original, resting position. The latissimus dorsi, a broad sheet of muscle that covers much of the lower back, is a powerful adductor of the shoulder. (unilateral), SCM- (unilateral) In contrast, a position with the elbows closer to the torso and/or using a slightly narrower grip places a greater emphasis on the anterior deltoids, clavicular head of the pectoralis major (upper chest region), and triceps brachii, and less activation of the sternoclavicular portion of the pectoralis major (Lehman, 2005; Clemens & Aaron, 1997) (Figure 3). Pectoralis Major 2010;2(2):10115. peroneus brevis Coracobrachialis With length, time, and mass at our disposal, we can choose our units so that the particle mass mmm and the value of \hbar are both I and the barrier width LLL is also 1. Some individuals shorter in stature may not be able to place their feet flat on the floor. Glad you enjoyed the article and muscles. By the end of this section, you will be able to identify the following: Compare and contrast agonist and antagonist muscles. Triceps. Bench Press Analysis. Exercises such as the incline bench press and dumbbell chest press use similar movement patterns. antagonist: hamstrings, infraspinatus 5th. Supraspinatus is innervated by the Suprascapular Nerve. infraspinatus Acting in conjunction with the pectoral girdle, the shoulder joint allows for a wide range of motion at the upper . Eshoj, H. R., Rasmussen, S., Frich, L. H., Hvass, I., Christensen, R., Boyle, E., Juul-Kristensen, B. Transversospinalis semispinalis The Best Bodyweight Shoulder Exercises for Beginners At Home, Glucose Transporters GLUT and SGLT: Biochemistry, MCAT, and USMLE, Motivational Quote of the Day: Every mountain top is within reach if you just keep climbing. ~Barry Finlay, Circulatory System: Coronary Artery Disease vs Stable Angina vs Unstable Angina vs NSTEMI vs STEMI Moosmosis, Pathoma: Chapter 1. Arm abduction, also known as shoulder abduction, is the movement of the arm away from the body in the same plane of your chest. In some situations, making even the softest \rule{1cm}{0.15mm} can be highly inappropriate. Ill most likely be once more to learn far more, thanks for that info.
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