The organization operates in parallel with the European Union (EU), and all four member states participate in the European Single Market and are part of the Schengen Area. The head of the provincial Statistical Bureau later described it as the year when Yunnan ‘grasped the opportunities’ provided by the PRC’s strategy of openness (YPNG, 1996a), and the foreign affairs volume of the provincial gazetteer states that Yunnan’s opening up increased in pace in 1992 after Deng’s southern tour, when the province ‘grasped the historical opportunity’ and entered a ‘new historical phase’ of openness (YNSZ(53), 1996: 6). There can also be an emphasis at the civilian level, i.e. The IMF struggled to find a role until conditions improved. All were dependent on the dollar for international trade anyway. The rest of this chapter traces the development of these ideas in research and policy statements over the next two decades. The Organization facilitates economic growth and financial stability. Many OECD countries are introducing work and social policies that – embedded in a discourse of rights and responsibilities – require work of those who can do it including mothers in exchange for social supports (for example, work-first policies). as interactive charts on the OECD Data Portal. The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development intends on developing international digital currency standards by 2021, a new report has revealed. OECD iLibrary, the successor to SourceOECD, is the portal to publications and statistics produced by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation Development (OECD). Procedures for collection of data have also been refined in the process. The union was established on 28 May 1975, with the signing of the … In turn, the supply of dollars relative to other currencies and economic conditions would affect the exchange rate regime, confidence in the gold-dollar peg, and global financial conditions. These regional institutions are the subject of Chapter 5 of this book. Formed in 1961, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) provides a means for member nations to further their commitment to democracy and a market economy.Specific goals include supporting economic growth that is sustainable, boosting employment, raising standards of living, maintaining financial stability, assisting the economic development of other … However, achieving this without widening gender inequality or facilitating the movement of children into poor-quality care relies on an expansion of the supply of quality nonfamilial care as well as quality jobs. The bi-annual World Forum on Statistics, Knowledge and Policies, which does not usually take place in the OECD. Balance of payments financing came either from national reserves or from the Fund in a crisis. Tim Summers, in Yunnan-A Chinese Bridgehead to Asia, 2013. But there were always two sides to the story: the US government showed little willingness to properly control capital outflows, to contain its overseas military expenditure or domestic inflation, or to adjust to imbalances. The IMF itself, which had been occasionally preoccupied by crisis lending to the weaker members of the system, was as marginal as ever to the running of the (non-) system. The United States began to develop a trade and eventually chronic current account deficit financed by the international use of the dollar as a reserve asset. D.W. Arner, in Handbook of Safeguarding Global Financial Stability, 2013. Held every year since June 2000, the OECD Forum takes the form of conferences and discussions, is open to public participation and is held in conjunction with the MCM. The Russian Federation is the Country-Coordinator of the Working Group on Banking and Finance from 1 January 2020 until 31 December 2021. These developments, especially the credit multiplier machine of the rapidly growing offshore Eurocurrency markets (nothing to do with the eventual single currency of the EU), all combined to disturb confidence in the gold-dollar peg and system of parities. With regard to Joint Marine Scientific Research, it is not absolutely necessary that a zone be established. At the most basic level, it is clearly important for heads of government and senior economic officials to meet periodically and multilaterally to discuss the common issues and concerns which flow from a global economy. Running parallel to this, the issue of demarcation of the East Sea can be considered in the mutual exchanges among civilian or academic groups. The Economic Cooperation Organization Trade and Development Bank (the Bank) was established by the three founding members of the Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO) in 2005; Iran, Pakistan and Turkey. In recent years, development assistance for health (DAH) from Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development countries has dramatically increased. On balance, the G20 has during the global financial crisis emerged as a relatively effective forum for cooperation and coordination. In other words, different policy settings and options have contrasting effects on gender equity. Underhill, in The Evidence and Impact of Financial Globalization, 2013. The general understanding is that the development of oil fields is directly connected to energy security. Further, He Zhiqiang’s emphasis on connecting to the coastal provinces in the east as well as to southeast Asia reveals a structure of the ‘double opening’ of Yunnan, not just across China’s borders but also within the rest of the PRC. Successive rounds in 1985, 1990, 1993, 1996, and 1999 have resulted in extended coverage from 18 to 43 countries. B. Pocock, in International Encyclopedia of Education (Third Edition), 2010. The BIS was the main forum for imbalances, monetary, and exchange rate matters. Users can also search and download pre-made tables, or directly access the OECD.Stat database in order to customize their own tables from a variety of OECD data sets. 58-59; hard; AACSB: Reflective Thinking) 29 The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) is the regional intergovernmental organization and geopolitical union of states in South Asia.Its member states are Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, the Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka.The SAARC comprises 3% of the world's area, 21% of the world's population and 4.21% (US$3.67 trillion) of the global economy, as of … The organization cited the growing need among member states to regulate digital currencies as the key factor behind its … As with other types of developmental assistance from richer countries, studies have shown that the effectiveness of DAH measured in terms of outcome is ambiguous. An international organization consisting of 10 non-Arab, Muslim-majority countries in central and western Asia. Organisation For Economic Co-operation & Development operates as an intergovernmental agency. The United States had become the world's banker, and the system was at the mercy of US willingness to manage the dollar in a way compatible with the stability of the international monetary system. It’s worth mentioning that data from the annual statistical publication OECD Factbook (2005) covering a wide range of economic and social measures can be freely accessed in a variety of formats (www.oecd.org/publications/factbook), including the OECD Factbook eXplorer, an interactive mapping and graphing tool (http://stats.oecd.org/oecdfactbook). The Organization for European Economic Co-operation (OEEC, precursor to the OECD), established to permit Europeans to implement US Marshall Plan aid, played a central role in stimulating cooperation among Europeans and eventually tying Europe to Japan and the United States. Private firms also went multinational, their investments and bankers adding to the growing pool of offshore dollars. The Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC; / eɪ p ɛ k / AY-pek) is an inter-governmental forum for 21 member economies in the Pacific Rim that promotes free trade throughout the Asia-Pacific region. However, issues of inclusiveness and exclusiveness immediately arise: who should be there, and who should not, in order to have the most effective discussion. Bhajan S. Grewal, Peter J. Sheehan, in Encyclopedia of Social Measurement, 2005. Ideas of developing regional cooperation, using Yunnan’s geographical proximity to and historical links with southeast Asia, and engaging across the province’s international borders to promote economic development form the basis for many of the subsequent narratives which emanate from Yunnan. International payments and growth became dependent on US monetary policy, and this provided the United States with both the opportunity and incentive to fund its international ambitions without unduly heeding pressures for adjustment. The pattern is still (shakily) with us in 2011. The Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)–Eurostat PPP program was first established at the OECD in 1980 with the aim of providing statistical measures for enabling price and volume comparisons of gross domestic product (GDP) and its components for the OECD member countries. The OECD Communications Outlook and the OECD Internet Economy Outlook (formerly the Information Technology Outlook), which rotate every year. 9.2 Host Country’s involvement in international organization or arrangements such as WTO, regional agreements, non-tariff barriers. Achieving this relies on a menu of commodified care options, some of which are within the family (such as paid leave and/or payments to parents allowing them to withdraw from paid work to provide care) and some of which are de-familialized through the establishment of ECEC systems and/or subsidies to parents to organize nonparental care. The forums that counted were the informal ones: the OECD became the main discussion forum for new policies for capital account, financial, trade, and other forms of liberalization. The EU has set a female participation-rate goal of 60%, by 2010, to meet economic objectives. These institutions also help in solving the currency issues among countries related to stabilizing the exchange rates. Strange (1976, Chapter 6) claims credibly that these markets, more than any other factor, destabilized the system of fixed exchange rates. The outcomes of these various policy options have different gender effects: for example, the provision of paid maternity leave will assist women but may embed mothers as carers unless accompanied by paid paternity leave, with some incentive to fathers to take it. However, the attachment of the rights of full citizenship to the working citizen should not exclude from full citizenship those who withdraw from work to care, or those who combine work with various forms of care over the life cycle – as carer-citizens and working-carer citizens, respectively. 1992 was a key turning point when Yunnan – at least on paper – finally began to enjoy the sort of opening policies which its policy-makers had been craving, and saw the start of a number of years of more stable economic growth. ... the supply of dollars relative to other currencies and economic conditions would affect the exchange rate regime, confidence in the gold-dollar peg, and global financial conditions. The OECD’s mission is to ‘bring together the governments of countries committed to democracy and the market economy from around the world to: support sustainable economic growth, boost employment, raise living standards, maintain financial stability, assist other countries’ economic development, and contribute to growth in world trade.’ Through OECD iLibrary, data is available for the 34 OECD member countries6 (and select non-member economies) and covers various economic and social themes: agriculture and food, development, economics, education, employment, environment, finance and investment, health, industry and services, insurance and pensions, nuclear energy, science and technology, social issues, taxation, and trade. The World Bank had specialized in multilateral development lending along with a network of regional development banks and bilateral aid donors. The UN Conference on Trade and Development, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, the International Monetary Fund, and the Bureau of Economic Analysis all provide investors information on FDI possibilities. The Bretton Woods Conference, officially known as the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference, was a gathering of delegates from 44 nations that met from July 1 to 22, 1944 in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, to agree upon a series of new rules for the post-WWII international monetary system. Institutions contributing to a more compressed wage distribution (minimum wage, unions) or to a reduction of labor turnover (firing costs and subsequent reduced hiring rates) as well as temporary contracts (making it difficult to stay in employment) increase the unemployment rate of low-skilled workers or workers with less attachment to the labor market. Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) is a 21-member economic forum who promotes free trade and sustainable development in Pacific Rim economies. In 1959, conditions were such that a general move to full currency convertibility was possible (1964 for Japan).4 Reconstruction was largely accomplished, international trade had picked up, and both full employment and low-inflation/high-growth conditions were realities. The objective is to establish a single market for goods and services, much like the European Union. Cooperation at the various levels and in all economic fields, such as the banking technology, monetary and fiscal matters, statistical surveys, industry and business conferences, forums and studies in the field of oil, gas, petrochemicals and industry. Both the World Bank and the IMF were anyway chronically under-resourced relative to the size of the world economy, and thus they proved an inadequate source of global liquidity for the reconstruction process. On January 21, Deputy Secretary-General of the Permanent Secretariat of the Forum for Economic and Trade Co-operation between China and Portuguese-speaking Countries (Macao), Mr Ding Tian, met with a delegation led by Mr Liu Jianjun, Member of the Standing Committee of Qingdao Municipal Communist Party of China Committee and Director of the management committee of […] Pu described Kunming as the ‘international aviation port in the southwest of the motherland, [the] important window linking to southeast Asia’ (YPNG, 1996b: 696). A currency in the most specific sense is money in any form when in use or circulation as a medium of exchange, especially circulating banknotes and coins. While the complete OECD.Stat is available only by subscription, OECD.Stat Extracts provides open access to some of the OECD data sets using the same OECD.Stat interface. The Factbook mainly focuses on the statistics of its member countries and sometimes other major additional countries. Organisation For Economic Co-operation & Development operates as an intergovernmental agency. Central African Economic and Monetary Community (CAEMC) Common Fund for Commodities (CFC) Commonwealth Secretariat Cooperation Council for the Arab of States of the Gulf (GCC) Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO) European Free Trade Association (EFTA) Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) Less than two weeks after this decision, Yunnan Governor He Zhiqiang issued a document entitled ‘Thoughts on speeding up Yunnan’s openness: connecting to coastal provinces in the east, and southeast Asia in the west’ (YNPG, 1996b: 695). As observed earlier, North Korea has a strong tendency to equate economic benefits with security. Parallel work is also proceeding through the World Bank and the Statistical Commission of the United Nations, under the auspices of the International Comparison Program (ICP), to extend the coverage of PPP countries not currently covered by the OECD–Eurostat PPP program. Well-designed support to households and firms that is aligned with a return to macroeconomic stability, and reforms to improve competition and labour laws, institutions and business would help to build a lasting recovery, according to a new OECD report. The Organisation for European Economic Co-operation; (OEEC) came into being on 16 April 1948. At present, European approaches to these challenges are diverse, with countries in Eastern Europe moving to reduce state-based supports for services such as long, paid parental leaves and childcare, while western European countries have approaches that vary from the traditional family-care model of Southern Europe to the caring-state models of the Nordic countries. 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