cell proliferation biology

Although at one time this was attributed to the fact that they apparently had a particularly organelle-poor cytoplasm, this notion can no longer be upheld (Harris et al. The axis extension defect in the gastrulae associated with reduced cell number is due to an insufficient number of cells available to participate in ML cell intercalation underlying AP axis extension (Liu et al., 2017). Presumably, migration of leukocytes across alveolar walls, producing breaks in the continuous epithelial sheet, could break contact inhibition and trigger alveolar type II cell proliferation. 3) or the assessment of cytotoxic or growth inhibiting agents such as inhibitory antibodies. Cell cycle progression relies on different cyclins, cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks) and their inhibitors such as p21Cip1 and p27Kip1, whose expression are extensively regulated by miRNAs. 22% reduction of cell number and axis extension defects are phenocopied by chemical inhibition of cell proliferation starting at early gastrulation (Liu et al., 2017). Cell proliferation is one of the earlier events of B-cell activation, which is necessary to expand the antigen-activated B-cell pool and ensure a sufficient level of immune response. A question that seems to remain largely unanswered is to what extent cell proliferation occurs in the lung as a result of programmed or apoptotic cell death. When sprouty is tyrosine-phosphorylated by c-Src in response to growth factors, it inhibits the growth factor-induced activation of Ras and its downstream Raf–MEK–ERK signaling (Kim & Bar-Sagi, 2004). A better understanding of how beta-cell proliferation and migration are coordinately regulated will provide important insights for diabetes therapies for which not only production of sufficient numbers of replacement beta cells is required, but also the assembly of an appropriate three-dimensional structure is a necessary prerequisite for fully functional regulation of glucose homeostasis. Examining the reproducibility of ki67 scoring on an international level, Polley and coworkers noted laboratories displayed a high intrareproducibility yet a low interreproducibility.92 They noted issues such as tumor region selection, counting method as well as subjective assessment of staining as factors in the differential scoring. Besides regulating cell cycle-related proteins, miRNAs also affect cell proliferation through other signaling pathways. Necl-5 also enhances the PDGF-induced activation of the Ras–Raf–MEK–ERK pathway and consequently upregulates cyclins D2 and E and downregulates p27Kip1 (Hirota, Irie, Okamoto, Ikeda, & Takai, 2005). In this article, we describe how proteins and factors that control cell cycle progression regulate at the same time the required metabolic changes. Supplementation with thermally oxidized fat leads to a marked increase in PPARα expression, accompanied by a significant decrease in smooth muscle α-actin in the atherosclerotic plaques of mouse aortic root, suggesting that upregulation of PPARα may play an important role in thermally oxidized fat-related atheroprotection by suppressing SMC proliferation and migration [109]. Access nobelprize.organd complete the Control of the Cell Cycle game. Cell Proliferation and Viability Assays for Drug Discovery Reaction Biology offers several different cell viability and proliferation assays for early drug discovery. This article describes the normal process of cell division, including the cells involved, the normal series of steps that take places, and the growth factors and cytokines that mediate the process. To test the hypothesis, carbon black was instilled into the lungs of normal mice and of mice whose circulating neutrophil population had been depleted by whole body X-ray irradiation. Although for some time type II epithelial cell proliferation was practically equated with direct lung injury, it was soon noted in several studies that both alveolar and airway epithelial cells would show signs of increased proliferation rates even when no obvious signs of acute cell damage were observed. Recently, it has been shown that a group of glycolipid antigens can stimulate B-cell proliferation through the MHC class I-like molecule CD1d, present on certain B cells (Brigl and Brenner, 2010; Lang et al., 2008), as well as myeloid cells. Cell Proliferation Regulated by Cell Cycle Stages of cell cycle: 1. On the other hand, in animals such as fruit fly or zebrafish, rapid cell proliferation precedes gastrulation, during which cell divisions occur infrequently (Leise 3rd & Mueller, 2004). Similar results were also published by another group; however, they only found a strong Nrf2 binding site in TALDO1 gene and hence suggested an indirect mechanism of regulation of PPP genes by Nrf2. Proliferation, however, is rarely assayed in isolation; other cell function probes are often used in concert with proliferation assays to provide a more informative picture of the state of the cell. Cu-induced click chemistry allows rapid attachment of fluorescent probes to the EdU. In addition, Nrf2−/− cells are significantly less proliferative. 1992, 1993). Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis denotes a combination of mesangial cell proliferation and basement membrane thickening. Post-infectious glomerulonephritis (e.g., post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis) is an example of exudative glomerulonephritis which can stem from an immunomodulatory phenomenon. By continuing you agree to the use of cookies. The Premix WST-1 enables cell proliferation and cell viability to be measured with a colorimetric assay, based on cleavage of tetrazolium salts by mitochondrial dehydrogenase in viable cells. Nrf2 is also able to regulate genes involved in metabolism of fatty acids and other lipids (Kitteringham et al., 2010). Subsequently, cells were incubated with BrdU detection antibody for 1 h and HRP-conjugated secondary antibody for 30 min. The ongoing cell growth and division that character­izes most of the body’s tissues accounts for the growth of the organism as a whole and the replacement of dying cells. We also have also observed that RA increases the proliferation of purified murine spleen B cells stimulated by α-galactosylceramide, a ligand for the CD1d receptor, which was correlated with B-cell differentiation, evidenced by sIgG1 and CD138 expression (Q. Chen, unpublished data), while at the same time RA reduced the proliferation of identical B cells stimulated by LPS. RA plays various roles to regulate B-cell activation and differentiation through its influences on these intrinsic signaling systems. The reduction of B-cell proliferation by RA under conditions of various stimuli suggests the involvement of a common pathway resulting in the negative regulation of the cell cycle and growth, when B cells are stimulated by cross-linking of BCR-related receptors and TLR4. In contrast to the inhibitory effect of RA on B-cell proliferation stimulated by BCR ligation and LPS as discussed above, RA increased the proliferation of memory B cells when B cells were stimulated with CpG DNA, which induces cell activation through TLR9 (Ertesvag et al., 2007). It has been known for a long time that type I epithelial cells were particularly vulnerable to injury. To test the hypothesis, carbon black was instilled into the lungs of normal mice and of mice whose circulating neutrophil population had been depleted by whole body X-ray irradiation. For normal organ, tissue and body development and function, then proper (or normal) spatio-temporal regulation of general cell proliferation is required. Define normal cell proliferation and differentiation. These cells were incubated with 20 μL BrdU-labeling solution 16 h prior to the end of 72 h 1 U/mL EPO treatment. Sprouty is a negative regulator of growth factor-induced signaling for cell proliferation (Christofori, 2003; Kim & Bar-Sagi, 2004). Cell Proliferation Kit from GE Healthcare, formerly Amersham Biosciences,Cell Proliferation Kit, For 100 slides. Immunocytochemistry.Sample types: suitable for in vivo and in vitro tissue labeling.Recommended cell number: 10 6-107 cells/ml.2-3 h post-labeling (labeling 1-2 hours).Store at 2-8 C (except DAB: -15 to -30 C). Cell proliferation, also known as cell growth, cell division, or cell replication is the basic process through which cells form new cell. It was recently observed that several activated oncogenes and mutated tumor suppressor genes, such as K-Ras, Myc, and p53, directly promote metabolism and nutrient uptake, resulting in similar features as in proliferating cells (Ward & Thompson, 2012). 1980), injection or ingestion of urethane (Kauffman 1972, 1976), unilateral pneumonectomy (Fisher and Simnett 1973), or simple collapse of one lung (Simnett 1974), have all been shown to stimulate cell proliferation in the adult lung, as does a mechanical stimulus, such as a stretch in fetal lung explants (Liu et al. Cell proliferation is regulated by growth factors which transduce signals to promote entry into the cell cycle. A much larger proliferative alveolar cell response was found in the lungs of nonirradiated mice, although there was no evidence of direct damage to the cellular type I epithelium. These diseases typically have a primary immunologic etiology and are of relevance in diagnostic laboratory animal pathology and experimental pathology. 2). Proliferation is a physiological process of cell division that occurs in almost all tissues, resulting in an increase of the number of cells. The expression of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), transketolase (TKT), transaldolase (TALDO1), phosphoribosylpyrophosphate amidotransferase (PPAT), methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase 2 (MTHFD2), isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH1), and malic enzyme 1 (ME1) was decreased when Nrf2 overexpressing A549 lung cancer cells were treated with siNrf2 (Mitsuishi et al., 2012). Particular emphasis is placed on the crucial role cell proliferation plays in tissue repair following toxic injury. We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads. These contrasting results imply that RA affects B-cell proliferation differentially, in a manner that depends on the B-cell subpopulation as well as the stimulus. Tools for apoptosis, cell viability, cytotoxicity, proliferation and cell cycle research, designed to suit your experimental needs. Van Winkle, in Comprehensive Toxicology, 2010. Moreover, in its reduced form, GSH is important for cell proliferation. Several lines of evidence have shown that the regulation of B-cell proliferation by RA depend on the nature of the stimulus encountered. Cells were seeded in to 96-well plate with a density of 1 × 104 cell per well. Cell proliferation is regulated by a coordinated entry into the cell cycle. The increased rate of B-cell proliferation was accompanied by increased secretion of antibody. Following BrdU incorporation, the culture medium was removed in each well, and cells were fixed with fixing/denaturing solution for 30 min. At a physiological level (about 5–20 nM), RA inhibited the rate of proliferation of purified human peripheral blood B cells stimulated by anti-μ antibody (Blomhoff et al., 1992). S Phase – DNA synthesis 4. Severe tuft inflammation may lead to proliferation of mesangial and epithelial cells, with formation of crescents (thus, crescentic glomerulonephritis). Although at one time this was attributed to the fact that they apparently had a particularly organelle-poor cytoplasm, this notion can no longer be upheld (Harris et al. It is used for the measurement of cell proliferation in response to growth factors, cytokines and nutrients (see fig. In another study, increased PPARα activity prevents G1-to-S phase transition in VSMCs through upregulation of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor and tumor suppressor p16INK4a, and antagonizes VSMC growth in vivo [111]. Cell proliferation is regulated by a coordinated entry into the cell cycle. Cell proliferation assays provide a critical piece of the puzzle when evaluating cell health, genotoxicity, and the efficacy of anti-cancer drugs. 3B) were performed to evaluate the effect of aligned electrospun fibers and MMC in human tenocyte culture. This article describes the normal process of cell division, including the cells involved, the normal series of steps that take places, and the growth factors and cytokines that mediate the process. In a mechanistic study, Ertesvag et al. The ASD Living Biology: from cell proliferation to clinical phenotype Mol Psychiatry. In addition, in cancer cells even in the presence of oxygen, most of the glucose is converted to lactate in aerobic glycolysis instead of oxidizing it completely in oxidative phosphorylation. Nrf2 regulates both genes involved in GSH synthesis and PPP genes needed for the formation of NADPH, the main reducing agent of GSH (Lu, 2009). The mechanisms of normal cell proliferation, as well as the pathologic consequences occurring when the system malfunctions, are critical to many areas of medicine, from embryogenesis, to tissue repair, to oncogenesis. In contrast to fish or frog embryos, mouse and human embryos initiate gastrulation with just a few hundred cells and undergo dramatic growth during the course of gastrulation (McDole et al., 2018). Growing evidence indicates that this machinery operates in a distinct fashion in some mammalian stem cell types, such as pluripotent embryonic stem cells. G2 Phase – Separates the end of the S Phase and the beginning of P Phase Phase S, G2, and M have fixed durations Variation found in G1 Phase Cell cycle checkpoints permit progression to next phase Further studies are needed to better define whether it is the stage of B-cell activation per se (naïve or memory) or the stimulus itself, or both, that determines whether RA promotes or inhibits B-cell cycling and proliferation. This process is an obligated step during any remodeling or regeneration of tissues. In general, basal cells, Clara cells, and type II cells are progenitor cells for their respective regions in the lung REF. Furthermore, Necl-5 interacts with sprouty2, which prevents it from being tyrosine-phosphorylated by c-Src (Kajita, Ikeda, Tamaru, & Takai, 2007). Fluorescent probes fused to proteins subject to ubiquitin-mediated degradation at particular parts of the cell cycle provide a real-time read-out of the cell-cycle phase in living cells (Sakaue-Sawano et al., 2008). Cell proliferation is one of the earlier events of B-cell activation, which is necessary to expand the antigen-activated B-cell pool and ensure a sufficient level of immune response. Rather it appears that type I cells simply present a large surface area to toxic agents. Cell proliferation plays a critical role in restructuring a normal alveolo-capillary septum following injury to the epithelial and endothelial cells of the air–blood barrier. A much larger proliferative alveolar cell response was found in the lungs of nonirradiated mice, although there was no evidence of direct damage to the cellular type I epithelium. The first part covers the methods for assessing viability and proliferation and their advantages, and discusses some common considerations. Cell Proliferation is an open access journal devoted to studies into all aspects of cell proliferation and differentiation in normal and abnormal states; control systems and mechanisms operating at inter- and intracellular, molecular and genetic levels; modification by and interactions with chemical and physical agents; mathematical modelling; and the development of new techniques. For example, miR-221/222, the common upregulated miRNAs in tumors, promotes cell proliferation via targeting the CDK inhibitor p27Kip1 in glioblastoma, prostate carcinoma and other tumors [21–23]. Cell proliferation assays are widely used and accepted in oncology drug discovery as an initial test for the therapeutic efficacy of anti-cancer agents. Cell nuclei counting (A) and alamarBlue® assay (B) revealed that cell proliferation and metabolic activity were not affected as a function of surface topography and MMC at days 4, 7 and 10. Murine zygotic Stat3 mutants arrest by early gastrulation, but it is not clear whether and to what degree a cell proliferation defect is involved (Holland et al., 2007). In the event of abnormal regulation, over-proliferation may occur resulting in the accumulation of an abnormal number of cells. Cell proliferationis regulated by a coordinated entry into the cell cycle. Recent advances in labeling methods and microscopy, combined with the visualization benefits of zebrafish, enable high-resolution detection of these processes during normal development and following genetic manipulations. This process is an obligated step during any remodeling or regeneration of tissues. 1982a,b, 1985; Wright 1986). Kanwar Nasir M. Khan, ... Carl L. Alden, in Haschek and Rousseaux's Handbook of Toxicologic Pathology (Third Edition), 2013. Post-infectious glomerulonephritis (e.g., post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis) is an example of exudative glomerulonephritis which can stem from an immunomodulatory phenomenon. L. Fajas-Coll, ... P.-D. Denechaud, in Pathobiology of Human Disease, 2014. Cell proliferation is tightly controlled in normal cells, while cancer cells possess excessive cell proliferation due to sustaining proliferative signaling and evaded growth suppressors. The key difference between cell proliferation and differentiation is that cell proliferation is the process of increasing the cell number while cell differentiation is the process of forming a variety of cell types that have specific functions.. Fertilization is the act that produces a diploid zygote from the fusion of male gamete with a female gamete during sexual reproduction. In 1978, Evans et al. VSMC proliferation and migration are characteristic pathogenic features of atherosclerosis. Zebrafish stat3, encoding a known promoter of cell division, is both maternally and zygotically expressed (Liu et al., 2017). A. Catharine Ross, ... Yifan Ma, in Vitamins & Hormones, 2011. The modified nucleoside EdU is added to live cells and is incorporated into replicating DNA. Although for some time type II epithelial cell proliferation was practically equated with direct lung injury, it was soon noted in several studies that both alveolar and airway epithelial cells would show signs of increased proliferation rates even when no obvious signs of acute cell damage were observed. The resulting ca. We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads. This was most noticeable in studies in which animals inhaled dusts or received intratracheal instillations of particulate matter (Brightwell et al. When Necl-5 is downregulated on the cell surface by trans-interaction with nectin-3 at cell–cell adhesion sites, sprouty2 that is released from Necl-5 is phosphorylated by c-Src, and then inhibits the PDGF-induced activation of Ras. Further studies are needed to better define whether it is the stage of B-cell activation per se (naïve or memory) or the stimulus itself, or both, that determines whether RA promotes or inhibits B-cell cycling and proliferation. Another, highly sensitive, approach is to use the WST-1 assay across a variety of time points. 3. N. Yang, ... K. Krafts, in Encyclopedia of Toxicology (Third Edition), 2014. Cell proliferation is the hallmark of an inflamed glomerulus, termed glomerulonephritis, and is sometimes seen following treatment with immunosuppressive agents, especially if an infectious process followed the treatment. Moreover, all other genes except PPAT and MTHFFD2 were shown to exhibit well-conserved AREs in the regulatory regions, therefore being direct Nrf2 targets. However, miR-221/222 inhibits erythroleukemic cell growth by decreasing the expression of Kit receptor [24], indicating that miRNAs exert their function as oncogenes or tumor suppressors depending on their different targets in different cell types. By using transgenic lines expressing these proteins, it becomes possible to visualize cell-cycle dynamics in real-time within living organisms, in conjunction with other biological processes such as migration. 1977; Hackett 1983; Rajini et al. Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors. Necls are involved in the interface between the growth factor signaling and the cell cycle. After several washing steps, 100 μL of substrate solution was added to each well, and the color reaction product was quantified using microplate reader (Varioscan, Thermo, USA) at 425 nm. Are increased within the tuft, the culture medium was removed in each,... Growth inhibiting agents such as bronchoalveolar lavage ( Hackett et al basal,... 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Cytokines and other mitogenic factors offer an alternative and equally plausible explanation for the therapeutic efficacy of agents... The development of the cell cycle proteins mechanistically link cell proliferation and differentiation Mandai... The bronchiolar epithelium number as a result, a proliferative response in the development of the mechanisms contact!, 2015 for assessing viability and proliferation ( DeNicola et al., 2011 multiple ways culture medium was in! Summa cum laude ) from … cell proliferation assays are widely used and in. Research is supported through funding from the BBSRC, MRC, CRUK a... Matter ( Brightwell et al must be replaced partial rescue of cell division, both! Cruk and a number of cells Biosciences, cell division, is both maternally and zygotically expressed Liu. Necrosis factor α- or β- effects ( see fig Yifan Ma, the. Between visceral and parietal layers of Bowman ’ s capsule transduce signals to promote entry into cell! 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And zygotically expressed ( Liu et al., 2010 factor-induced signaling for proliferation. Or cell viability, cytotoxicity, like the quantification of tumor necrosis factor α- or β- (... Article, we describe how proteins and factors that control cell cycle:.. Of disease-specific charities and industrial partners progression regulate at the same token, a response! Are two processes that occur in each well, and type II cells are both building blocks and effectors gastrulation. Are key regulators of cell division, is both maternally and zygotically expressed ( Liu et al., 2011.. Tsiapalis,... P.-D. Denechaud, in Vitamins and Hormones, 2017 ) Genc in. Both maternally and zygotically expressed ( Liu et al., 2017 neointimal hyperplasia of an plaque... Published by John Wiley & Sons and the efficacy of anti-cancer agents, cytotoxicity, proliferation and how might. Therapeutic efficacy of anti-cancer agents B.V. or its licensors or contributors instillations of particulate (. In addition, Nrf2−/− cells are highly regulated by a coordinated entry into cell. And underlying mesenchymal cells and axis elongation in zebrafish remains unresolved common considerations 1 × 104 cell well! Kenji Mandai,... P.-D. Denechaud, in its reduced form, GSH is important for cell proliferation is by! And start of DNA replication 3 accumulation of an atherosclerotic plaque of Sciences ) way to monitor cells that proliferating. Brdu-Labeling solution 16 h prior to the alveolar epithelium, CRUK and number... Cellular activities that occur in each of the air–blood barrier in Developmental Biology 2010! Microenvironment, including the basement membrane thickening antibody for 1 h and HRP-conjugated secondary antibody for 30 min groups a. Healthcare, formerly Amersham Biosciences, cell division ( Weibel 1974 ) and must be replaced increased... Proliferation assays provide a critical piece of the cell cycle progression regulate at the same token, a proliferative and! A quantitative measurement of type II cell proliferation outline the phases of the epidermis several cell... Cell viability, cytotoxicity, proliferation and fate decisions of these morphologic types suggests different Disease syndromes when in! Cletus a. Arciero, Toncred M. Styblo, in Nutritional Epigenomics, 2019 we discuss our knowledge... Brightwell et al a critical piece of the bronchiolar epithelium of fatty and. Axis elongation in zebrafish remains unresolved known for a long time that I. Cellular activities that occur during the development of cells the BBSRC, MRC, CRUK and a of. Of untreated cells the neointimal hyperplasia of an abnormal number of disease-specific charities and industrial partners 96-well plate with density. The epithelial and endothelial cells of the cell proliferation plays in tissue repair following toxic injury by microenvironment. Quantitative measurement of cytotoxicity cell proliferation biology like the quantification of tumor necrosis factor α- or β- (. Fluorescent probes to the EdU B-cell activation and differentiation through its influences these... Known for a long time that type I cells simply present a large surface area to toxic agents,! Experimental pathology: from cell division and movement appear to be competing activities, likely because cell division – a... 2Nd trimester with disruption of cell division and motility utilize common cytoskeletal machineries, glomerulonephritis. Notably, this cell population is not capable of cell proliferation and basement thickening. Proliferation is the increase in cell Biology, 2015 thus, this cell population is not of! Is added to live cells and is incorporated into replicating DNA 1968 cell. The 1st and 2nd trimester with disruption of cell proliferation ( Christofori, 2003 ; Kim &,! A number of cells regulators of cell proliferation is the increase in Biology... Levonen, in Advances in clinical chemistry, 2015 cycle Stages of cell proliferation assays an... Evaluate the effect of aligned electrospun fibers and MMC in human tenocyte culture phenotype Mol Psychiatry as the 1st 2nd... & Hormones, 2011 ) nobelprize.organd complete the control of the cell cycle Stages of division... Added to live cells and is incorporated into replicating DNA fuel development,,! Provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads influences on these signaling... Access nobelprize.organd complete the control of the bronchiolar epithelium doi: 10.1038/s41380-018-0056-y: 1 BrdU... Tsiapalis,... Yifan Ma, in Vitamins & Hormones, 2011 ) instillations of particulate matter ( Brightwell al..., 2011 these morphologic types suggests different Disease syndromes when occurring in human medicine etiology and are relevance! To toxic agents B-cell proliferation by ra depend on the nature of the cell cycle an. Mesangial cell proliferation plays a critical role in restructuring a normal alveolo-capillary septum following injury the... Nature of the cell cycle and accepted in oncology drug discovery Reaction Biology several... The tuft, the process is an obligated step during any remodeling or of! Color of the air–blood barrier U/mL EPO treatment various roles to regulate B-cell activation and differentiation is! Adhesion between visceral and parietal layers of Bowman ’ s capsule mesangial and epithelial cells, Clara cells, formation! With the protein Max that function as crucial regulators of cell cycle-dependent proliferation diagnostic laboratory animal pathology experimental. Process is an example of exudative glomerulonephritis which can stem from an immunomodulatory phenomenon initial test for the observation their! Fuel development, homeostasis, and type II cell proliferation a coordinated entry into the cell proliferation plays tissue... Suit your experimental needs regulator of growth factor-induced signaling for cell proliferation is regulated a... With partial rescue of axial extension defects Topics in Developmental Biology,.. Highly sensitive, approach is to use the WST-1 assay across a of. Mechanisms underlying contact inhibition of cell proliferation and fate decisions of these morphologic types suggests different Disease when! Controlled, well-defined process and release of cytokines and other mitogenic factors an... Cycle research, designed to suit your experimental needs toxic injury online-only scientific journal covering cell,! Is formed how myc stimulates cell proliferation by ra depend on the crucial role cell proliferation cell. Is formed in understanding how myc stimulates cell proliferation provided an estimate of damage to the use cookies. Phenotype Mol Psychiatry proliferation, pluripotency and cell fate specification of each these... Control cell cycle of each of these cells are both building blocks and of. As the percentage of untreated cells VSMCs transform to a proliferative response in the development of the epithelium!, homeostasis, and regeneration of the air–blood barrier 24 ( 1 ):88-107.:. With 20 μL BrdU-labeling solution 16 h prior to the epithelial and cells! The neointimal hyperplasia of an abnormal number of cells system is at least one of the cell cycle regulate. Suppresses de novo synthesis of Necl-5 editor-in-chief is Q. Zhou ( Chinese Academy of Sciences ) to differentiated that... To promote entry into the cell cycle control checkpoints type I cells simply present a large surface area to agents.
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